A Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Distant Diptera, the Fruit Fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, and the Malaria Mosquito, <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>

Большаков, В. Н.; Topalis, Pantelis; Blass, Claudia; Kokoza, E. B.; Torre, Alessandra della; Kafatos, Fotis C.; Louis, Christos

doi:10.1101/gr.196101

Cited by 65 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The degree of shared synteny among representatives of the Lepidoptera, currently all within the infraorder Heteroneura (diverged B160 Myr ago; Labandeira et al, 1994), is comparable to that found within the single, 65-Myr-old genus Drosophila (Singh et al, 2009). By comparison, the genomes of two distantly related dipterans, Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, have been extensively reshuffled during 250 Myr of divergence (Bolshakov et al, 2002). The chromosome scale patterns in Lepidoptera may mask higher rates of gene order rearrangement at the finest scale (that is, neighboring genes), as revealed by interspecific comparisons of contiguous sequence (d 'Alenc¸on et al, 2010;Conceic¸ão et al, 2011), possibly associated with holocentrism and transposable elements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

et al. 2012

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We have constructed a linkage map for the peppered moth (Biston betularia), the classical ecological genetics model of industrial melanism, aimed both at localizing the network of loci controlling melanism and making inferences about chromosome dynamics. The linkage map, which is based primarily on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and genes, consists of 31 linkage groups (LGs; consistent with the karyotype). Comparison with the evolutionarily distant Bombyx mori suggests that the gene content of chromosomes is highly conserved. Gene order is conserved on the autosomes, but noticeably less so on the Z chromosome, as confirmed by physical mapping using bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (BAC-FISH). Synteny mapping identified three pairs of B. betularia LGs (11/29, 23/30 and 24/31) as being orthologous to three B. mori chromosomes (11, 23 and 24, respectively). A similar finding in an outgroup moth (Plutella xylostella) indicates that the B. mori karyotype (n ¼ 28) is a phylogenetically derived state resulting from three chromosome fusions. As with other Lepidoptera, the B. betularia W chromosome consists largely of repetitive sequence, but exceptionally we found a W homolog of a Z-linked gene (laminin A), possibly resulting from ectopic recombination between the sex chromosomes. The B. betularia linkage map, featuring the network of known melanization genes, serves as a resource for melanism research in Lepidoptera. Moreover, its close resemblance to the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype (n ¼ 31) makes it a useful reference point for reconstructing chromosome dynamic events and ancestral genome architectures. Our study highlights the unusual evolutionary stability of lepidopteran autosomes; in contrast, higher rates of intrachromosomal rearrangements support a special role of the Z chromosome in adaptive evolution and speciation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

et al. 2012

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“…Complete genome sequencing of both D. melanogaster and A. gambiae allowed the identification and analysis of NTs in two different species of Diptera, which are thought to have diverged ϳ250 million yr ago (9). About half of the genes in these arthropods are thought to be orthologs with an average of ϳ56% sequence identity (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic analysis of nucleoside transporters in Diptera and functional characterization ofDmENT2, a Drosophila equilibrative nucleoside transporter

Machado

Abdulla

Hilliker

et al. 2007

Physiological Genomics

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Machado J, Abdulla P, Hanna WJB, Hilliker AJ, Coe IR. Genomic analysis of nucleoside transporters in Diptera and functional characterization of DmENT2, a Drosophila equilibrative nucleoside transporter. Physiol Genomics 28: [337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347] 2007. First published November 7, 2006; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00087.2006.-The recent completion of genome sequencing projects in a number of eukaryotes allows comparative analysis of orthologs, which can aid in identifying evolutionary constraints on protein structure and function. Nucleoside transporters (NTs) are present in a diverse array of organisms and previous studies have suggested that there is low protein sequence similarity but conserved structure in invertebrate and vertebrate NT orthologs. In addition, most taxa possess multiple NT isoforms but their respective roles in the physiology of the organism are not clear. To investigate the evolution of the structure and function of NTs, we have extended our previous studies by identifying NT orthologs in the Dipteran Anopheles gambiae and comparing these proteins to human and Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) NTs. In addition, we have functionally characterized DmENT2, one of three putative D. melanogaster ENTs that we have previously described. DmENT2 has broad substrate specificity, is insensitive to standard nucleoside transport inhibitors and is expressed in the digestive tract of late stage embryos based on in situ hybridization. DmENT1 and DmENT2 are expressed in most stages during development with the exception of early embryogenesis suggesting specific physiological roles for each isoform. These data represent the first complete genomic analysis of Dipteran NTs and the first report of the functional characterization of any Dipteran NT.concentrative nucleoside transporters; evolution; Anopheles NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTERS (NTs) are integral membrane proteins responsible for movement of nucleosides across cell membranes (4, 13, 26). Nucleosides play key roles in eukaryote physiology, acting as signaling molecules, neuromodulators and in the regulation of cardiovascular activity (2, 4, 6). Nucleosides are also precursors of nucleic acids and are either synthesized de novo or salvaged from the extracellular environment via NTs. These salvage pathways are needed when de novo pathways are lacking, for example in protozoans, such as the malarial parasite Plasmodium, that cannot synthesize purines (20) and in specialized eukaryotic cells, such as in enterocytes, bone marrow, and certain brain cells (10).NTs have been primarily studied in mammalian systems and are divided into two main categories based on their mechanism of transport. The equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the movement of nucleosides down their concentration gradients, while the concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) actively transport nucleosides against their concentration gradient by cotransport of a cation, usually Na ϩ , down its gradient (13). In mammals, ENTs have broad permeant selec...

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“…This means that Drosophila tubules provide a useful model for those of major medical and agricultural pests, such as mosquitoes and tsetse flies, in advance of any transgenic technologies that may be developed for their detailed study later. They can thus act as a proxy for species like Anopheles gambiae with a recently completed genome (27), but technically challenging transgenesis (10). This is discussed in section XIIIB.…”

Section: G Insect Tubules As Targets For Selective Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative Physiology and Functional Genomics of Epithelial Function in a Genetic Model Organism

Dow

Davies

2003

Physiological Reviews

115

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Dow, Julian A. T, and Shireen A. Davies. Integrative Physiology and Functional Genomics of Epithelial Function in a Genetic Model Organism. Physiol Rev 83: 687–729, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00035.2002.—Classically, biologists try to understand their complex systems by simplifying them to a level where the problem is tractable, typically moving from whole animal and organ-level biology to the immensely powerful “cellular” and “molecular” approaches. However, the limitations of this reductionist approach are becoming apparent, leading to calls for a new, “integrative” physiology. Rather than use the term as a rallying cry for classical organismal physiology, we have defined it as the study of how gene products integrate into the function of whole tissues and intact organisms. From this viewpoint, the convergence between integrative physiology and functional genomics becomes clear; both seek to understand gene function in an organismal context, and both draw heavily on transgenics and genetics in genetic models to achieve their goal. This convergence between historically divergent fields provides powerful leverage to those physiologists who can phrase their research questions in a particular way. In particular, the use of appropriate genetic model organisms provides a wealth of technologies (of which microarrays and knock-outs are but two) that allow a new precision in physiological analysis. We illustrate this approach with an epithelial model system, the Malpighian (renal) tubule of Drosophila melanogaster. With the use of the beautiful genetic tools and extensive genomic resources characteristic of this genetic model, it has been possible to gain unique insights into the structure, function, and control of epithelia.

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A Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Distant Diptera, the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the Malaria Mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

Cited by 65 publications

References 55 publications

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

Linkage map of the peppered moth, Biston betularia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a model of industrial melanism

Genomic analysis of nucleoside transporters in Diptera and functional characterization ofDmENT2, a Drosophila equilibrative nucleoside transporter

Integrative Physiology and Functional Genomics of Epithelial Function in a Genetic Model Organism

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