“…They include advanced age (over 75 or 80 years), CAD, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), smoking, cerebrovascular disease, tissue loss, body max index (BMI), dementia, functional status, and frailty. In recent years, multiple risk stratification tools have been retrospectively developed for patients who underwent surgical revascularization [ 3 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], but none has been tested prospectively and endorsed by international guidelines.…”