A comparative chemical and pharmacological study of standardized extracts and vanillic acid from wild and cultivated Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith

Abstract

The objectives of this work were to carry out a comparative chemical study and to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts (EtOHE) and vanilic acid (VA) from cultivated and wild Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith (Fabaceae), an endangered species used in Northeast Brazil for the treatment of asthma. The HPLC analysis of EtOHE, showed that coumarin (CM) and VA were the major constituents from the cultivated plant, while in the extract from the wild plant the major constituents were amburoside A (AMB) and CM. Pharmacological tests were performed with male Swiss mice or male Wistar rats acutely administered with 100-400mg/kg, p.o. of EtOHEs or 12.5-50mg/kg, p.o. of VA. EtOHEs from A. cearensis with 4, 7 or 9 months of cultivation significantly inhibited, from 32 to 64%, both phases of the formalin test in mice. Similar results were observed with the EtOHE from the wild species. VA significantly reduced both phases of the formalin test. This effect was partially reversed by naloxone. EtOHE from cultivated or wild A. cearensis inhibited the carrageenan (Cg)-induced mice paw edema. Furthermore, VA inhibited the paw edema and the leukocyte migration in rat peritoneal cavity induced by Cg. On the other hand, it did not inhibit the edema and the increase of vascular permeability induced by dextran in the rat paw. All together, these results indicate that the EtOHE from cultivated A. cearensis exhibit similar chemical and pharmacological profiles, as related to the wild plant. VA is, at least partially, responsible for these pharmacological effects. Its antinociceptive effect occurs by a mechanism partly dependent upon the opioid system, while the anti-inflammatory action was manifested in inflammatory processes dependent on polymorphonuclear cells and are probably related to the VA inhibition of cytokines as observed by others.

Antinociceptive activity of aqueous extract and isolated compounds of Lithrea molleoides

“…The phytochemical analysis showed that other compounds are present in the aqueous extract and they could contribute to the analgesic activity of the extract, since the antinociceptive activity of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, isoquercetin and rutin has previously reported (De Campos Buzzi et al, 2009;Dos Santos et al, 2006;Gorzalczany et al, 2011b;Krogh et al, 2000;Lapa et al, 2009). In accordance with our results, Leal et al (2011) showed antinociceptive properties induced by vanillic acid in the formalin test and compounds with similar chemical structure, such as vanillin also possess an antinociceptive profile (Park et al, 2009). Nevertheless, in agreement to our knowledge, this is the first time, that shikimic acid showed a significant antinociceptive effect in the algesic chemical model used in this work.…”

Vanillic Acid Inhibits Inflammatory Pain by Inhibiting Neutrophil Recruitment, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and NFκB Activation in Mice

“…12 Regarding inflammation and pain, oral treatment (50 mg/kg) with 1 reduces the time spent licking the paw in both phases of the formalin test. 2 On the other hand, 1 reduced only the second phase of formalin-induced paw licking when intraperitoneal treatment (100 mg/kg) was used, 13 indicating that pharmacokinetic issues modulate its activities. Compound 1 also inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response at doses of 3−30 mg/kg, 13 carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice, and carrageenan-induced recruitment of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity of rats.…”

Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Agronomy of Medicinal Plants: Amburana cearensis, an Interdisciplinary Study

“…Among cultivated plants extracts, vanillic acid (12) was the principal component in 3 out of 4 periods analyzed through EEW, while coumarin (1) appeared as the major compound in the 7 th month. Protocatechuic acid (13) and amburoside A (9) were below the limit of quantification in all extracts, except in the 9 th month, whereby amburoside A (9) had a considerable content (Leal et al, 2011). In EEAP, vanillic acid (12) was the main constituent evaluated in all seasons, reaching the highest concentration in the 7 th month (8520 mg/100g ext).…”

“…The fresh biomass production of A. cearensis seedlings increased almost eight-fold, during the 2 nd through 9 th month after the sowing. With reference to ethanol extract yield, there was a tendency of decrease for the extract weigh/xylopodium weight ratio over a period of time, while an oscillatory behavior was observed for yield of the ethanol extract from its aerial part, achieving a plateau on the 3 rd and 7 th month (Leal et al 2011) www.intechopen.com …”