A Comparative Characteristic Study of Jatropha and Cardanol Biodiesel Blends

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as a Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines: A Comprehensive Review

“…HC emissions are reported to be lower for a vegetable oil than for diesel fuel . A comparison of several types of biodiesel feedstocks found HC emissions to be higher for CNSL oil . For methyl- and ethyl-based CNSL esters, HC emissions were reduced, compared to neat CNSL. , The use of additives to CNSL blends was reported to reduce further HC emissions by Kasiraman et al For CNSL with 30% camphor oil, they observed a 8.3% reduction in HC emission concentration at full load.…”

“…For neat CNSL oil, the long-chain aromatics create a high level of smoke due to poor combustion. However, this is reduced with esters and blended operations. , Kasiraman et al observed a reduction of smoke intensity from 4.22 Bosch smoke unit (BSU) to 3.91 BSU for neat CNSL and CNSL with 30% camphor oil, respectively. Similar results were also reported by refs and .…”

“…Mallikappa et al 45 reported an emission concentration of 0.03% for CO for a 10% esterified CNSL blend, which was the lowest of all of the fuel blends that they tested. Pugazhenthi et al 57 compared jatropha and CNSL biodiesel blends and determined the CO emissions to be higher for CNSL biodiesel than jatropha biodiesel. Kasiraman et al 47 reported CNSL with 30% camphor oil resulted in an emission concentration of 0.30% CO, whereas the corresponding value for neat CNSL was 0.38%.…”

“…However, this is reduced with esters and blended operations. 48,57 Oxygen enrichment of intake air is a novel method used by researchers for the reduction of smoke and particulate matter in a CI engine. The combustion process in a compression ignition engine is complex, and there are two phases of combustion: premixed combustion and diffusion combustion.…”