A Comparative and Comprehensive Review of Antibody Applications in the Treatment of Lung Disease

Abstract

Antibodies are a type of protein produced by active B cells in response to antigen stimulation. A series of monoclonal antibodies and neutralizing antibodies have been invented and put into clinical use because of their high therapeutic effect and bright developing insight. Patients with cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases can all benefit from antibody therapy. However, the targeting aspects and potential mechanisms for treating these diseases differ. In the treatment of patients with infectious diseases such as COVID-19, neutralizing antibodies have been proposed as reliable vaccines against COVID-19, which target the ACE2 protein by preventing virus entry into somatic cells. Monoclonal antibodies can target immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1 and CTLA-4), tyrosine kinase and subsequent signaling pathways (e.g., VEGF), and cytokines in cancer patients (e.g. IL-6 and IL-1β). It is debatable whether there is any connection between the use of antibodies in these diseases. It would be fantastic to discover the related points and explain the burden for the limitation of cross-use of these techniques. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the use of antibodies in the treatment of infectious disease and cancer patients. There are also discussions of their mechanisms and history. In addition, we discussed our future outlook on the use of antibodies.

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“…Specific examples of successful monoclonal antibody therapies targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (75,78), C-MET (79), HER2 (80), fibroblast activation protein (FAP) (81), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) (82). The ideal properties of monoclonal antibodies include high selectivity towards specific target antigens, activating immune cell responses, and modulating downstream signaling pathways (83). Hence, antibody design is critical for successful preclinical and clinical applications.…”