A comparative analysis of the application of water quality exemptions in the European Union: The case of nitrogen

Analysis of the Evolution of Climatic and Hydrological Variables in the Tagus River Basin, Spain

“…The urban areas of Madrid and Toledo are located in the middle part of the basin (see Figure 1) and host 5.1 and 0.6 million inhabitants, respectively. The water demand of the capital city-about 500 Hm 3 •year −1 -is met mainly from reservoirs in the Lozoya river [33] (see location in Figure 1) and is returned mostly to the Manzanares river, which is under pressure from the domestic pollution load [34,35].…”

The consequences for stream water quality of long-term changes in landscape patterns: Implications for land use management and policies

“…The interactions between pollution sources, contaminants and ecosystems are quite complex given their dependence on a multiplicity of sources (Tran et al, 2019) as well as on numerous physicochemical and biological processes (Larsen et al, 2019;Long, 2020;Vannote et al, 1980), the geological influence (Martins et al, 2019), among other factors. Point source pressures are the most evident threats to water quality because they represent direct discharges into surface water bodies (Bolinches et al, 2020). In general, they comprise effluent discharges from urban and industrial activities.…”