A Comparative Analysis of the Spanish Flu 1918 and COVID-19 Pandemics

Agrawal, Akhilesh; Gindodiya, Aadesh; Deo, Kaivalya A.; Kashikar, Supriya; Fulzele, Punit; Khatib, Nazli

doi:10.2174/1874944502114010128

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For this reason, COVID-19 pandemic become the largest and the most diverse pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic, as the number of cases that are increasing on a daily base across 200 countries. The unprecedented spread of this pandemic disease is mainly due to its transformation through short distance human to human contact [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual changes following COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional study from Jordan and Iraq

et al. 2022

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Purpose COVID-19 infection is normally followed by several post-COVID effects. This study aimed to investigate to evaluate menstrual changes in females following COVID-19 infection, and to evaluate female perception about the effect of COVID-19 on their menstrual cycles. Methods During this cross-sectional survey-based study, a convenience sample of 483 women from Jordan and from Iraq, who had infected with COVID-19 were invited to fill-out the study questionnaire. Results The study was conducted on the females, with a median age 31 years old. Results showed that 47.2% of them (n = 228) suffered from a change in the number of days between two consecutive periods, as well as from a change in the amount of blood loss. Also, more than 50% of them believed that COVID-19 infection may cause changes in the amount of blood loss during the cycle (n = 375, 56.9%), and changes in the number of days between the two consecutive periods (n = 362, 54.2%). Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational level (bachelor or higher) (Beta = -0.114, P = 0.011), and those living in Iraq (Beta = -0.166, P<0.001) believed that COVID-19 has lower tendency to cause menstrual changes. In addition, non-married females (Beta = 0.109, P = 0.017), and those who are current smokers (Beta = 0.091, P = 0.048) believed that COVID-19 has higher tendency to cause menstrual changes. Conclusion his study revealed that COVID-19 infection could affect the menstrual cycle for the females. Further prospective studies should be done to confirm these findings and evaluate how long these menstrual irregularities lasted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual changes following COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional study from Jordan and Iraq

et al. 2022

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“…The “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” is a highly contagious, challenging, and threatening illness that swiftly spreads worldwide ( 1 ). The World health organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic and considered it the fifth pandemic globally since the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 ( 2 ). The SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted through direct contact with an infected person ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Face Masks Use and Its Role in Restraining the Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Based Cross-Sectional Study

Meo

Alqahtani²,

Aljedaie³

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Face masks (FM) play a role in limiting the spread of viral infections; despite this, their role is influenced by the population's adherence to wearing the FM. However, the impact on the effectiveness of the FM is variable in various communities. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward FM use during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. This observational “cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.” The data was collected using an online questionnaire survey from September 8–21, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices using single choice questions and a five-point Likert scale. Among 1,356, respondents' the rate was 678 (50%), 207 (30.5%) were males and 471 (69.5%) females. Among the participants, Saudi citizens were (649; 95.7%), with University education (502; 74%) and were mostly (368; 54.3%) between 16 and 24 years of age. The participants (384; 56.6%, p < 0.001) had good knowledge about face masks, and more than half of the respondents, 531 (78.3%) (p < 0.001), showed a positive attitude. Most of the respondents (477, 70.2%) believed that everyone could use the face mask to minimize the spread of the disease; however (111; 16.4%) reported that they would not wear a face mask if the government did not recommend wearing it in public places during the COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi citizens have above-average knowledge and optimistic attitudes toward using face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The community is convinced about the face masks and believes that face masks play a predominant role in limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

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“…The COVID-19 pandemic has often been compared to the Spanish flu. For example, He et al (2020) discussed the epidemiological similarities between the two pandemics in the UK, whereas Agrawal et al (2021) noted similar trajectories at the beginning of each outbreak. It has been estimated that the Spanish flu killed 50-100 million people around the world (2.3 million in Europe) between 1918 and 1920 (Johnson and Mueller, 2002), and thus up to 5% of the global population at that time (0.5% of the population in Europe).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the loss of life expectancy at birth during the 2020 and 1918 pandemics in six European countries

Rousson¹,

Paccaud²,

Locatelli³

2022

Populationyearbook

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The COVID-19 pandemic that reached Europe in 2020 has often been compared to the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. In this article, we compare the two pandemics in terms of their respective impacts on the loss of life expectancy at birth in six European countries (France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) by estimating life expectancy in 2020 using Eurostat data. We found that the loss of life expectancy at birth was up to 20 times larger between 1917 and 1918 than between 2019 and 2020. A decomposition of these losses clearly shows that in all six countries, the main contributors were older age groups in 2020 and younger age groups in 1918. These observations are consistent with evidence indicating that most COVID-19 fatalities were among the elderly, while a majority of Spanish flu fatalities were among the young.

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A Comparative Analysis of the Spanish Flu 1918 and COVID-19 Pandemics

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Menstrual changes following COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional study from Jordan and Iraq

Menstrual changes following COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional study from Jordan and Iraq

Face Masks Use and Its Role in Restraining the Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Based Cross-Sectional Study

Comparing the loss of life expectancy at birth during the 2020 and 1918 pandemics in six European countries

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