A Comparative Analysis of Immunorestoration and Recovery with Conventional and Immunotherapeutic Protocols in Canine Generalized Demodicosis: A Newer Insight of Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of T11TS

Abstract

Demodex canis is a natural inhabiting mite of canine skin. Immunological disorder or genetic disorder induces the Demodex population to proliferate vigorously resulting in generalized demodicosis with consequent chronic immunosuppression. Signs of generalized demodicosis include alopecia, crysting, erythema, secondary pyoderma etc. Amitraz, an acaricide, is used conventionally for the treatment of generalized demodicosis. In many instances, the disease relapses due to the residual immunosuppression. The need of an immunorestorative therapy has been urged in generalized demodicosis. Two immunorestorative drugs, namely, Immuplus, a herbal drug, and T11TS, a sheep erythrocyte surface glycoprotein, has been used in two separate groups of dogs having generalized demodicosis and receiving Amitraz treatment. It was observed that though Amitraz treated group responded to the therapy showing increased E-rosettes and nonspecific cytotoxic efficacy of T-lymphocytes and decrease in phagocytic potential of macrophages, the groups treated with the immunotherapeutics like Immuplus and T11TS, responded better. However, the group treated with T11TS showed best recovery. These results emphasize the need for an immunorestorative therapy in generalized demodicosis and provide data in favor of T11TS as a better immunomodulator in comparison to Immuplus.

Demodectic Mange, Dermatophilosis, and Other Parasitic and Bacterial Dermatologic Diseases in Free-Ranging White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States From 1975 to 2012

“…The underlying reasons for the generalized manifestation of demodectic mange in deer are unknown but could reflect host immunologic or genetic factors or concurrent endocrine disorders, as has been suggested in domestic canids (Canis familiaris). 17,21,22 The effects of demodectic mange on the host are usually subclinical, and most white-tailed deer in the present study were in good nutritional condition and exhibited normal behavior. However, clinical disease in the host can result from parasite expansion, which is thought to be secondary to immunosuppression from transient or prolonged stress, poor nutrition, or concurrent infections.…”

Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of canine indolent lymphoma

“…The demodex infestation itself has subsequently been shown to cause further immunosuppression in these patients. While human patients undergoing chemotherapy have been shown to have an increased incidence of demodex infestation it appears as though we may have identified a highly susceptible population pre‐chemotherapy treatment. The immune dysregulation that occurs associated with the development of indolent lymphoma may specifically make these patients more prone to developing such an infestation.…”

Treatment of canine‐generalized demodicosis: a blind, randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of Advocate®(Bayer Animal Health) with ivermectin

“…Generalized demodicosis is a complex disease whose exact pathogenesis remains unclear. It is believed that both genetic and immunologic factors play important roles in its development and progression 1–5 . It has been suggested that juvenile‐onset demodicosis results from an inherited autosomal recessive gene that expresses a demodex‐specific T‐cell deficiency 4 while the adult‐onset form is associated with generalized immunosuppression elicited by underlying disease 1,2 …”