A compact MIMO antenna for WBAN operating at Terahertz frequency

Fifth-generation technology is not fully deployed in the world wireless communication till date. Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band needs to be used due to plenty of available bandwidth and for achieving the goals of 5G such as greater data rate, ultra-high-speed video broadcasting, low latency services, and many more. Wideband antenna is required for 5G applications to access the high speed, low latency Internet services, and ultra-high-definition video streaming. Various bandwidth enhancement techniques have been reported by the researchers for microstrip antennas operating at microwave bands. High link losses, small wavelength, limited coverage, and environmental losses are the major challenges of mm-wave band. To mitigate these issues and satisfy 5G standard, an antenna with wide bandwidth, high gain, narrow steerable beam, high isolation, low side lobe levels, and multiband characteristics is required. Modifications in conventional antenna design techniques are required to achieve broader bandwidth along with stable radiation characteristics, improved gain, and low side lobe levels at mm-wave frequencies. This paper presents the survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques which has been used in the 5G antennas designed by researchers. Reviews of some wideband 5G antennas with their performance comparisons are also discussed.

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“…DG should be ideally equal to 10. All these MIMO parameters can be calculated using a scattering matrix [50].…”

Section: Characteristics Of 5g Antenna and Performance Enhancement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques used for 5G antennas

Nahar

Rawat

2021

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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“…To analyze the performance of MIMO structures, some addition MIMO parameters like diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain are required to maintain in addition to frequency domain results 37‐38 …”

Section: Antenna For 5g‐based Covid‐19 Remote Monitoring and Care Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ECC represents the ability of two antennas to radiate with independent of each other or it provides information about independency of radiation pattern. ECC will be zero in case of one antenna that is horizontally polarized and another antenna that is vertically polarized 37‐41 . ECC can be approximately calculated from scattering parameters using the following Equation (2).…”

Section: Antenna For 5g‐based Covid‐19 Remote Monitoring and Care Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ECC can be approximately calculated from scattering parameters using the following Equation (2). 37 It provides the clear estimation of envelope correlation.

ECC = \frac{{|{S_{11}}^{*} {normalS}_{12} + {S_{21}}^{*} {normalS}_{22}|}^{2}}{(1 - ({(||, {normalS}_{11})}^{2} + {(||, {normalS}_{21})}^{2})) (1 - ({(||, {normalS}_{22})}^{2} + {(||, {normalS}_{12})}^{2}))}

ECC of both MIMO configurations is presented at various frequencies in Figure 12B.…”

Section: Antenna For 5g‐based Covid‐19 Remote Monitoring and Care Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Millimeter‐wave planar antennas for 5G‐based remote monitoring and treatment of COVID‐19 patients

Nahar

Rawat

2021

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Spreading of COVID‐19 intensely affected the social life, economics, and health care system globally. Remote treatment of COVID‐19 is required to prevent healthcare professionals from being infected and solve the shortage of health resources which is generated due to large number of COVID patients. Tele‐health services require low latency, high data rate connections between various sensors, and Internet of Things devices with reliable and uninterrupted networks, which can support massive number of devices. 5G‐based remote health care solutions are provided by various researchers to solve the aforementioned problems. Various technologies such as millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave), beamforming, and multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) are used to fulfill the requirements. mm‐Wave spectrum provides wide available bandwidth, high speed, low latency, and compact antenna size but range of communication is limited due to high link losses and environmental attenuation. High‐gain, narrow beam‐steerable radiation properties of antenna are required to mitigate these losses. This article first presents the design of 16 elements mm‐Wave beam‐steerable planar array for 5G‐based COVID‐19 tracking and health care management. The proposed antenna provides 1.83 GHz of bandwidth with gain of 19.3 dB and side‐lobe levels of less than −24 dB at 28.67 GHz. Narrow main beam having 0.9° beamwidth can be steered from −50° to +45° with less than 5 dB reduction in gain. MIMO configurations of the proposed antenna are also discussed. MIMO performance parameters are under acceptable limit. The proposed antenna is potential cost efficient solution for 5G‐based COVID‐19 tracking and treatment applications.

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“…Since the power of the emission source is high, the reflected radiation can obtain a clear image of the human body. Upon the introduction of the concept of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), SAR imagingbased security inspection systems are also in development, which greatly improves the imaging accuracy and rate [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Different from X-ray, active millimeter-wave security equipment does not cause harm to the human body [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Suspicious Multi-Object Detection and Recognition Method for Millimeter Wave SAR Security Inspection Images Based on Multi-Path Extraction Network

Yuan

Zhang

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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There are several major challenges in detecting and recognizing multiple hidden objects from millimeter wave SAR security inspection images: inconsistent clarity of objects, similar objects, and complex background interference. To address these problems, a suspicious multi-object detection and recognition method based on the Multi-Path Extraction Network (MPEN) is proposed. In MPEN, You Only Look Once (YOLO) v3 is used as the base network, and then the Multi-Path Feature Pyramid (MPFP) module and modified residual block distribution are proposed. MPFP is designed to output the deep network feature layers separately. Then, to distinguish similar objects more easily, the residual block distribution is modified to improve the ability of the shallow network to capture details. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the millimeter wave SAR images from the laboratory’s self-developed security inspection system are utilized in conducting research on multi-object detection and recognition. The detection rate (probability of detecting a target) and average false alarm (probability of error detection) rate of our method on the target are 94.6% and 14.6%, respectively. The mean Average Precision (mAP) of recognizing multi-object is 82.39%. Compared with YOLOv3, our method shows a better performance in detecting and recognizing similar targets.

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A compact MIMO antenna for WBAN operating at Terahertz frequency

Cited by 57 publications

References 20 publications

Survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques used for 5G antennas

Survey of various bandwidth enhancement techniques used for 5G antennas

Millimeter‐wave planar antennas for 5G‐based remote monitoring and treatment of COVID‐19 patients

A Suspicious Multi-Object Detection and Recognition Method for Millimeter Wave SAR Security Inspection Images Based on Multi-Path Extraction Network

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