A compact high-performance low-field NMR apparatus for measurements on fluids at very high pressures and temperatures

Abstract

We discuss an innovative new high-performance apparatus for performing low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation times and diffusion measurements on fluids at very high pressures and high temperatures. The apparatus sensor design and electronics specifications allow for dual deployment either in a fluid sampling well logging tool or in a laboratory. The sensor and electronics were designed to function in both environments. This paper discusses the use of the apparatus in a laboratory environment. The operating temperature and pressure limits, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the new system exceed by a very wide margin what is currently possible. This major breakthrough was made possible by a revolutionary new sensor design that breaks many of the rules of conventional high pressure NMR sensor design. A metallic sample holder capable of operating at high pressures and temperatures is provided to contain the fluid under study. The sample holder has been successfully tested for operation up to 36 Kpsi. A solenoid coil wound on a slotted titanium frame sits inside the metallic sample holder and serves as an antenna to transmit RF pulses and receive NMR signals. The metal sample holder is sandwiched between a pair of gradient coils which provide a linear field gradient for pulsed field gradient diffusion measurements. The assembly sits in the bore of a low-gradient permanent magnet. The system can operate over a wide frequency range without the need for tuning the antenna to the Larmor frequency. The SNR measured on a water sample at room temperature is more than 15 times greater than that of the commercial low-field system in our laboratory. Thus, the new system provides for data acquisition more than 200 times faster than was previously possible. Laboratory NMR measurements of relaxations times and diffusion coefficients performed at pressures up to 25 Kpsi and at temperatures up to 175 °C with crude oils enlivened with dissolved hydrocarbon gases (referred to as "live oils") are shown. This is the first time low-field NMR measurements have been performed at such high temperatures and pressures on live crude oil samples. We discuss the details of the apparatus design, tuning, calibration, and operation. NMR data acquired at multiple temperatures and pressures on a live oil sample are discussed.

Invited Review Article: Instrumentation for nuclear magnetic resonance in zero and ultralow magnetic field

“…At 10 MHz in copper or aluminum the penetration depth is around 20 microns; in contrast, at 1 kHz it is around 2 mm, deep enough to allow signals to pass through the walls of, say, a soda can. 16,17 (4) At zero field, spin coherences in liquids can persist for many tens of seconds, corresponding to ultranarrow linewidths on the order of mHz. Such narrow lines can be used for chemical fingerprinting and precise measurement of spin-spin couplings.…”

Mobile and Compact NMR

“…The range of logging tools has been augmented in recent years to include slimline logging tools for studying soil texture and soil moisture in the vadose zone [123][124][125], complementing Earth's field NMR with large surface coils for groundwater studies [126]. These on-site measurements with mobile NMR are accompanied by laboratory measurements of core plugs and soil samples [127][128][129][130][131] with center-field [132][133][134] and stray-field scanners [135] including add-ons for flooding experiments [136,137] as well as pressure and temperature chambers to generate reservoir conditions in the laboratory [138].…”

NMR fluid analyzer applying to petroleum industry

“…When fluid flows through the system, the flow velocity and its content can be recorded. In 2013, Schlumberger also developed a compact high performance low-field NMR apparatus for measurement on fluids at high pressure and temperature, through which the fluid properties such as viscosity, density, compressibility, molecular composition, GOR and saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) can be obtained with good accuracy (Freedman et al 2013(Freedman et al , 2014. In 2014, the University of Western Australia demonstrated an instrument using the Earth magnetic field to study the velocity distribution and flow regime by free induction decay signal (FID).…”