A community study of the effect of particulate matter on blood measures of inflammation and thrombosis in an elderly population

Sullivan, Jeffrey; Hubbard, Rebecca A.; Liu, Sally L.J.; Shepherd, Kristen; Trenga, Carol A.; Koenig, Jane Q.; Chandler, Wayne L.; Kaufman, Joel D.

doi:10.1186/1476-069x-6-3

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Other researchers demonstrated similar increases in CRP from PM10 exposure from both combustion [17] and organic matter [18]. In contrast, some studies have found only a weak or absent link between PM and markers of inflammation [19][20][21][22]. Discrepancies among studies appear related to differences in composition of PM, variable exposure to antiinflammatory medications, and differences in obtaining PM exposure data [10].…”

Section: Cardiovascular Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In 2007, the Women's Health Initiative Study [27] followed a cohort of over 65,000 postmenopausal women with no previous 10 Cardiovascular mortality 76% (25-147) Toren et al [29] 2007 PM Not measured Cardiovascular mortality 12% (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) heart disease over approximately 6 years. The investigators revealed that long-term PM exposure in this population resulted in a 24% (95% CI, 9-41%) increase in cardiovascular events and an astonishing 76% (95% CI, 25-147%) increase in cardiovascular mortality per 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Long-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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The World Health Organization estimates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year, ranking it the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, many studies show that the relationship is deeper and far more complicated than originally thought. PM is a portion of air pollution that is made up of extremely small particles and liquid droplets containing acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. PM is categorized by size and continues to be the fraction of air pollution that is most reliably associated with human disease. PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation. The data demonstrating PM's effect on the cardiovascular system are strong. Populations subjected to long-term exposure to PM have a significantly higher cardiovascular incident and mortality rate. Short-term acute exposures subtly increase the rate of cardiovascular events within days of a pollution spike. The data are not as strong for PM's effects on cerebrovascular disease, though some data and similar mechanisms suggest a lesser result with smaller amplitude. Respiratory diseases are also exacerbated by exposure to PM. PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling. The literature shows PM causes worsening respiratory symptoms, more frequent medication use, decreased lung function, recurrent health care utilization, and increased mortality. PM exposure has been shown to have a small but significant adverse effect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease. These consistent results are shown by multiple studies with varying populations, protocols, and regions. The data demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between PM and human disease, and that removal from a PM-rich environment decreases the prevalence of these diseases. While further study is needed to elucidate the effects of composition, chemistry, and the PM effect on susceptible populations, the preponderance of data shows that PM exposure causes a small but significant increase in human morbidity and mortality. Most sources agree on certain "common sense" recommendations, although there are lonely limited data to support them. Indoor PM exposure can be reduced by the usage of air conditioning and particulate filters, decreasing indoor combustion for heating and cooking, and smoking cessation. Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or asthmatics, may benefit from limiting their outdoor activity during peak traffic periods or poor air quality days. These simple changes may benefit individual patients in both short-term symptomatic control and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory complications.

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Section: Cardiovascular Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Long-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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“…Estimated long-term traffic exposure was not related to inflammatory changes in either sex. 161 Several studies, including some with improved exposure assessment, 162 some that included analyses of large population cohorts, 163,164 and a recent evaluation of long-term annual PM 10 levels in England, 165 have not found a relationship between particulate exposure and inflammation. It is Altered HRV 111 1…”

Section: Systemic Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease

Brook¹,

Rajagopalan²,

Pope³

et al. 2010

Circulation

5,347

3,225

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Abstract-In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this association and further elucidated the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Association scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clinical implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM Ͻ2.5 m in diameter (PM 2.5 ) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; reductions in PM levels are associated with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathological mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biological plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM 2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Association scientific statement was published. Finally, PM 2.5 exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (Circulation. 2010;121:2331-2378.)

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“…Smaller studies on cardiovascular morbidity end-points generally found little evidence for effects on sudden cardiac arrest [57], myocardial infarction [58], heart rate variability [59], and measures of systemic inflammation or thrombosis [60].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world

Sigsgaard¹,

et al. 2015

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Climate change policies have stimulated a shift towards renewable energy sources such as biomass. The economic crisis of 2008 has also increased the practice of household biomass burning as it is often cheaper than using oil, gas or electricity for heating. As a result, household biomass combustion is becoming an important source of air pollutants in the European Union.This position paper discusses the contribution of biomass combustion to pollution levels in Europe, and the emerging evidence on the adverse health effects of biomass combustion products.Epidemiological studies in the developed world have documented associations between indoor and outdoor exposure to biomass combustion products and a range of adverse health effects. A conservative estimate of the current contribution of biomass smoke to premature mortality in Europe amounts to at least 40 000 deaths per year.We conclude that emissions from current biomass combustion products negatively affect respiratory and, possibly, cardiovascular health in Europe. Biomass combustion emissions, in contrast to emissions from most other sources of air pollution, are increasing. More needs to be done to further document the health effects of biomass combustion in Europe, and to reduce emissions of harmful biomass combustion products to protect public health. @ERSpublications Biomass combustion is an important source of air pollution and ill health in the EU: emissions need to reduce http://ow.ly/RYkPk

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A community study of the effect of particulate matter on blood measures of inflammation and thrombosis in an elderly population

Cited by 41 publications

References 33 publications

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease

Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world

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