A commentary on “World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)”

Shah, Syed Ghulam Sarwar; Farrow, Alexandra

doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.03.001

Cited by 86 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The world is facing a terrible pandemic of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (Covid- 19), [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] caused by SARS-Cov-2, which has captivated scientists to investigate the way that this new disease can affect the central nervous system (CNS). [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] A crucial question is if respiratory distress, commonly found in this pandemic, is at least partially explained by CNS affection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Machado¹,

Gutierrez²

2020

Preprint

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Covid-19 pandemic has captivated scientists to investigate if this new disease can affect the central nervous system (CNS). The most challenging symptoms of Covid-19 are related to respiratory distress, and most patients admitted in intensive care units cannot breathe by their own. Therefore, a crucial question is if respiratory distress can be partially explained by the CNS affection. SARS-Cov-2 is a beta-coronavirus that shares high similarities with SARS-CoV. The infection of SARS‐CoV has been reported in the brains from both patients and experimental animals, where the brainstem was heavily infected. Those coronaviruses have been able to invade the brainstem via a synapse‐connected route to the medullary respiratory center, where the infected regions included the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus ambiguous. The vagal afferent nerves from receptors in the lung communicate with the medulla and pons respiratory control centers to coordinate inspiration and expiration. This suggests that neuroinvasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 might play a role in the acute respiratory failure of Covid-19. Therefore, acute respiratory distress in Covid-19 can be partially explained by brainstem dysfunction, suggesting the needs of more specific and aggressive treatments with the direct participation of neurologists and neurointensivists.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Machado¹,

Gutierrez²

2020

Preprint

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“…The extended parallel process model was used for developing the risk perception and behavioral responses [5] to COVID-19. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to create an item pool [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Members of the research team (PR, SS, and ZS) reviewed the data and generated 150 items.…”

Section: Item Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and validating the risk perceptions questionnaire for COVID-19 (Risk Precept COVID-19): an application of the extended parallel process model

Jahangiry

Sarbakh

Reihani

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background In order to understand how people perceive, process, and respond to COVID-19 risk information, a valid and reliable instrument is needed. This study aimed to develop an instrument to measure the risk perceptions of people about COVID-19 based on the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran. First, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to develop the initial draft of Risk-percept COVID-19. Then, in order to obtain a pre-final version of the instrument, face and content validity were conducted. After that, construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory), internal consistency using test-retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of the instrument were measured. Results Forty two item were initially generated. During the content validity, it was reduced to 29 items. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed four factors (perceived response efficacy, perceived threats (severity and susceptibility), perceived self-efficacy, and defensive responses (denial, avoidance and reactance) that accounted for 49.97 of the observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) designated a model with appropriate fitness for the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the dimensions ranged from .697 to .793, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) ranged from .71 to .80 within acceptable ranges. Conclusion the current findings show that the Risk-percept COVID-19 is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the cognitions and perceptions of adults.

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“…World Health Organization (WHO) noted that the high demand compared to the usual trades volume for purchasing respirators led to a severe shortage in available quantity, which caused a price surge leaving frontline workers and patients in danger. This new pandemic calls for innovative and effective solutions requiring strong cooperation between medical, engineering science and industry experts [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel reusable anti-COVID-19 transparent face respirator with optimized airflow

2020

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This novel face mask is designed to be a reusable respirator with a small and highly efficient disposable fabric filter. Respirator material requirements are reduced by 75% compared to traditional designs and allow repeated cleaning or sterilization. The probability of virus particle inhalation is reduced using novel air filtration pathways, through square-waveform design to increase filter airflow. Air enters the mask from right and left side filters, while the area in front of the mouth is isolated. Clear epoxy is used for a transparent frame, allowing lip-reading, and mask edges contain a silicone seal preventing bypass of the filters. The mask is manufactured using silicone molds, eliminating electricity requirements making it economical and viable in developing countries. Computational fluid dynamics numerical studies and Fluent ANSYS software were used to simulate airflow through the filter to optimize filter air path geometry and validate mask design with realistic human requirements. The breathing cycle was represented as a transient function, and N95 filter specifications were selected as a porous medium. The novel design achieved 1.2 × 10−3 kg s−1, 20% higher than human requirements, with air streamlines velocity indicating local high speed, forcing and trapping virus particles against filter walls through centrifugal forces.

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A commentary on “World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)”

Cited by 86 publications

References 4 publications

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Developing and validating the risk perceptions questionnaire for COVID-19 (Risk Precept COVID-19): an application of the extended parallel process model

A novel reusable anti-COVID-19 transparent face respirator with optimized airflow

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