“…23 Furthermore, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) considers ID-MS as one of the most accurate methods in terms of the International Target Values (ITVs) for measurement uncertainties applied on safeguarding nuclear materials. 24,25 TIMS and ICP-MS are the techniques of choice to measure the isotope ratio of most elements, 26 for example radionuclides such as Sr, 27 Cs, [28][29][30] Nd, [31][32][33][34] Th, 35,36 U, 33,[37][38][39][40][41] Pu, 3,33,38,40,[42][43][44][45] Am 7,31,38 and Cm. 31,46 ID-MS is a versatile tool for radionuclide quantity measurement and the "gold standard" for nuclear safeguards.…”