A combined inorganic-organic titanium-44/scandium-44g radiochemical generator

Titanium-45 (45Ti) Radiochemistry and Applications in Molecular Imaging

“…Despite their comparable half-lives and decay properties, their limited production capabilities can limit the availability of these radionuclides for clinical applications. Though a 44 Ti/ 44 Sc generator would be ideal to overcome this problem, there have been significant efforts to find suitable loading and elution conditions without the breakthrough of 44 Ti [14,17,18,39].…”

“…Titanium-44 is a radioisotope with a very long half-life of 60 years and potential applications as part of a 44 Ti/ 44 Sc generator system [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The decay of 44 Ti to 44 Sc (t 1/2 = 3.97 h, mean E β+ = 0.632 MeV (branching ratio (BR) 94.27%)), and the secular equilibrium due to the half-life difference makes this a potential source for a constant supply of 44 Sc at research sites [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Titanium-44 is a radioisotope with a very long half-life of 60 years and potential applications as part of a 44 Ti/ 44 Sc generator system [14][15][16]. The decay of 44 Ti to 44 Sc (t 1/2 = 3.97 h, mean E β+ = 0.632 MeV (branching ratio (BR) 94.27%)), and the secular equilibrium due to the half-life difference makes this a potential source for a constant supply of 44 Sc at research sites [16][17][18]. Titanium-45 is of interest for positron emission tomography (PET) applications due to the characteristic properties of this radionuclide including its half-life of 3.08 h, its decay by positron emission (BR 85%), its low mean positron energy (E β + 439 keV) and very small fractions of other gamma rays (720 keV (0.15%)) [19,20].…”

“…Since the mean positron energy is inversely proportional to the maximum spatial resolution obtainable with PET, 45 Ti may enable better image resolution than 68 Ga in imaging studies with small animal PET scanners. Cost References 45 Ti 184 min β + (85%) 439 45 Sc(p,n) 45 Ti 100% $ [23,24] 64 Cu 12.7 h β + (17.8%) 278 64 Ni(p,n) 64 Cu 1.16% $$$ [25] 11 C 20.3 min β + (100%) 386 14 N(p,α) 11 C 99.63% [26,27] 18 F 110 min β + (97%) 250 18 O(p,n) 18 F 0.2% $$ [28] 68 Ga 68 min β + (88%) 830 68 Ge generator N/A $$$ [29] This review focuses on the status and recent progress of 45 Ti radiopharmaceutical development including production, purification, radiochemistry development and molecular imaging studies.…”