A combined fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic model to predict the onset of rapid phase transitions in LNG spills

Lervåg, Karl Yngve; Skarsvåg, Hans Langva; Aursand, Eskil; Ouassou, Jabir Ali; Hammer, Morten; Reigstad, Gunhild Allard; Ervik, Åsmund; Fyhn, Eirik Holm; Gjennestad, Magnus Aa.; Aursand, Peder; Wilhelmsen, Øivind

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104354

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Calculation of pressure losses in the section of a two-phase LNG flow using the formulas for a single-phase flow leads to significantly underestimated results [12], [17]. In engineering practice, to calculate two-phase flows, simplified methods are usually used that are not related to the consideration of specific flow regimes: a model with phase slip (Lockhart-Martinelli correlation) and a homogeneous model [14], [20] to [21]. When calculating a two-phase flow according to the model with phase slip, pressure losses in a turbulent flow regime are determined by the equation [14]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At low steam contents of the flow and high mass velocities, the homogeneous model has the greatest agreement with the experimental data. The essence of the model is that a two-phase flow is considered as a single-phase flow, in which the specific volume in each section of such a flow is related to the mass vapor content and the specific volume of each of the phases [20] to [21]:…”

Section: Figure 7: the Ratio Between фд(х) и фј(х) At Turbulent Flow ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equation for calculating friction losses is written in a form similar to the Darcy-Weisbach equation [20] to [21]:…”

Section: Figure 7: the Ratio Between фд(х) и фј(х) At Turbulent Flow ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research of the possibility of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method

Zhmakin¹,

Budnikov²

2021

J Appl Eng Science

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This article discusses the problems of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a non-pressure pipeline from a stationary storage facility to a transport cryogenic tank and ways to solve them. Theoretical studies have been carried out, including mathematical modeling of thermal and hydrodynamic processes during the transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 7: the Ratio Between фд(х) и фј(х) At Turbulent Flow ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research of the possibility of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method

Zhmakin¹,

Budnikov²

2021

J Appl Eng Science

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“…This maximum radius and a steady state is reached after some tens of seconds [39]. There will be some density dependence in how fast this steady state is reached.…”

Section: Spreading Of Cryogens On Watermentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The heat of evaporation for LNG is then very close to that of methane. A detailed description of how to treat evaporation of mixtures is given by Lervåg et al [39]. The expression can be translated to an expression for the liquid-height reduction rate (volume reduction rate per unit area), ḣl evap = ṁl evap /ρ l , where ρ l is the density of the liquid.…”

Section: Heat Flux and Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Hydrogen Spills on Water—Risk and Consequences of Rapid Phase Transition

et al. 2021

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Liquid hydrogen (LH2) spills share many of the characteristics of liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills. LNG spills on water sometimes result in localized vapor explosions known as rapid phase transitions (RPTs), and are a concern in the LNG industry. LH2 RPT is not well understood, and its relevance to hydrogen safety is to be determined. Based on established theory from LNG research, we present a theoretical assessment of an accidental spill of a cryogen on water, including models for pool spreading, RPT triggering, and consequence quantification. The triggering model is built upon film-boiling theory, and predicts that the mechanism for RPT is a collapse of the gas film separating the two liquids (cryogen and water). The consequence model is based on thermodynamical analysis of the physical processes following a film-boiling collapse, and is able to predict peak pressure and energy yield. The models are applied both to LNG and LH2, and the results reveal that (i) an LNG pool will be larger than an LH2 pool given similar sized constant rate spills, (ii) triggering of an LH2 RPT event as a consequence of a spill on water is very unlikely or even impossible, and (iii) the consequences of a hypothetical LH2 RPT are small compared to LNG RPT. Hence, we conclude that LH2 RPT seems to be an issue of only minor concern.

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Liquefied Natural Gas Value Chain: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

Shingan,

Banerjee,

Kumawat

et al. 2023

Chem Eng & Technol

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Over the past few decades, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) business has experienced astounding expansion and gained global relevance. LNG has emerged as a key element in meeting the world's rising energy demand while working to cut carbon emissions, since it is a cleaner and more adaptable energy source. The entire process from natural gas extraction to consumption is covered in the presented analysis of the LNG value chain, starting out by looking at the discovery and production of natural gas reserves, highlighting important innovations and methods used during the extraction stage. The procedures used to treat and purify natural gas in order to meet the strict standards for liquefaction are detailed. Analysis of the liquefaction process reveals numerous liquefaction technologies, e.g. the well‐known conventional liquefaction and the cutting‐edge floating LNG and small‐scale LNG facilities. LNG storage and transportation, as critical components in the value chain, are examined in great detail. When the LNG reaches its destination, regasification plays a crucial role in repurposing it as a gas for distribution and consumption. Regasification technologies, such as conventional onshore terminals, floating storage and regasification units, and land‐based regasification facilities, are covered. Concerns regarding methane emissions and the carbon footprint, the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through new technology, the environmental impact of LNG, and the economics of LNG are also considered across its value chain.

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A combined fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic model to predict the onset of rapid phase transitions in LNG spills

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Research of the possibility of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method

Research of the possibility of transmission of liquefied natural gas through a pipeline by a non-pressure method

Liquid Hydrogen Spills on Water—Risk and Consequences of Rapid Phase Transition

Liquefied Natural Gas Value Chain: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

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