A Combination of Formic Acid and Monolaurin Attenuates Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Piglets by Inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK Pathways with Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Ren, Chunxiao; Wang, Yijiang; Lin, Xiaofeng; Song, Hui-Qun; Zhou, QiQi; Xu, Weihan; Shi, Kui; Song, Junshuai; Chen, Fang; Zhang, Shihai; Guan, Wutai

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01414

Cited by 40 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Evidence: Monolaurin has even been demonstrated to inhibit the production of staphylococcal exoproteins by interfering with membrane signal transduction at the transcription level and inhibiting growth, as well as eradicating the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Of note, topical use of coconut oil for skincare or massage in infants is a popular practice in Asian countries, and some studies have shown a potentially preventative effect of monolaurin against the skin and systemic infections when used topically in both adults and preterm infants [39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Monolaurinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits

2021

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The trend toward using phytonutrients and/or nutraceuticals (P/Ns) with the aim of impacting immune health has increased in recent years. The main reason is that properties of P/Ns are associated with possible immunomodulating effects in the prevention and complementary treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. In the present review, we assess the scientific plausibility of specific P/Ns for this purpose of preventative and therapeutic interventions against COVID-19, with an emphasis on safety, validity, and evidence of efficacy against other viruses. Five potential candidates have been identified after reviewing available studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) in which certain flavonoids have demonstrated a potential for use as adjuvant therapeutic agents against viral infections, including COVID-19. As these are often better tolerated than pharmacological treatments, their use could be more widely considered if additional detailed studies can validate the existing evidence.

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Section: Monolaurinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits

2021

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“…Zhai et al [140] observed that protected benzoic acid enhanced the degradation of caprolactam, a secondary metabolite of benzoic acid, C5 branched dibasic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism (tryptophan) in the cecal microbiota. Pathways related to amino acid metabolism were also confirmed to be affected by Ren et al [138] in the ileum of piglets supplied with formic acid. However, as already reported by Zhai et al [140], there is the need of whole-genome shotgun sequencing and more accurate analysis to fully clarify the effect of acidifier on the functionality of gut microbiome.…”

Section: Post-weaning Dietmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…For instance, 1.4 g/kg of formic acid reduced the abundance of Streptococcus in the jejunum which was, instead, increased by 6.4 g/kg of formic acid. Contrary to the study of Luise et al [137], Ren et al [138] found no effect on the ileal microbiota of post-weaning piglets fed with a diet which supplied 0.60% of formic acid. A significant and consistent effect on the taxa modulation in both the ileum and the colon was observed by Huang et al [139], in a study in which a diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of encapsulated sodium butyrate coupled with 50 mg kitasamycin/kg and 20 mg colistin sulfate/kg significantly improved the abundance of Clostridiaceae and reduced that of Lactobacillaceae.…”

Section: Post-weaning Dietmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…In addition, it could be suggested that organic acids could modulate the intestinal microbial profile and structure (alpha and beta diversity), as observed by [137,139,140]. Some attempts to evaluate the effect of acidifiers in not only modifying the taxonomy but also the functionality of the microbiota were made by Zhai et al [140] and Ren et al [138] using the prediction of metabolic pathways with PICRUSt and Tax4Fun. Zhai et al [140] observed that protected benzoic acid enhanced the degradation of caprolactam, a secondary metabolite of benzoic acid, C5 branched dibasic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism (tryptophan) in the cecal microbiota.…”

Section: Post-weaning Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health

et al. 2021

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The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.

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“…During the trial, the number of the piglets with diarrhea symptoms was recorded by the attending veterinarian. Diarrhea symptoms were scored using the fecal scoring system (0-normal, hard form; 1-soft feces, soft form; 2-mild diarrhea, no form, loose, puddles; 3-severe diarrhea, watery) reported by Ren, et al (2020) [12]. The diarrhea incidence is the ratio of the total number of diarrhea events to the product of the total piglet number and the number of test days.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat Encapsulation Reduces Diarrhea in Piglets Partially by Repairing the Intestinal Barrier and Improving Fatty Acid Transport

Tian

Chen

et al. 2020

Animals

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(1) Background: Nutritional strategies to enhance gut function and reduce the piglet diarrhea rate are critical to increase the growth performance of piglets. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary fat types and/or fat microencapsulation techniques are involved in regulating the fatty acid transport system and the mechanical and immunological barriers of the small intestine. (2) Methods: Three hundred twenty-four weaning piglets were randomly divided into three groups fed a soybean oil diet (SBO, control group, 6.0% soybean oil), palm oil diet (PO, 6.0% palm oil), or encapsulated palm oil diet (EPO, 7.5% encapsulated palm oil). (3) Results: A significantly lower mRNA expression of the claudin was observed in the duodenum and jejunum of the PO group than in the SBO group (p < 0.05). However, the mRNA expression and protein abundance of claudin and ZO-1 in the jejunum of the EPO group were higher (p < 0.05) than in the PO group. Porcine β-defensin (pBD) secretion was not significantly different between the SBO and PO groups (p > 0.05), while the pBD-2 levels were significantly different (p < 0.05). Compared with the PO group, the EPO group exhibited a significantly increased secretion of pBD-2 and pBD-129 in the small intestine (p < 0.05) and pBD-1 in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). The protein abundances of apolipoprotein AIV (Apo AIV) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) were significantly lower in the PO group than in the SBO group (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the protein abundances of fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and I-FABP were higher in the EPO group than in the PO group. Furthermore, the low digestibility of palm oil (PO group) might negatively regulate intestinal tight junctions, fatty acid transporters, lipoproteins, and β-defensin through the activation of the AMPK/mTORC1 and AMPK/Sirt1/NF-κB pathways. (4) Conclusions: In summary, microencapsulation techniques might alleviate the negative effects of palm oil and help to improve the intestinal fatty acid transport system and barrier function.

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A Combination of Formic Acid and Monolaurin Attenuates Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Piglets by Inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK Pathways with Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Cited by 40 publications

References 43 publications

Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits

Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits

Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health

Fat Encapsulation Reduces Diarrhea in Piglets Partially by Repairing the Intestinal Barrier and Improving Fatty Acid Transport

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