A Combination of Amino Acids and Caffeine Enhances Sprint Running Capacity in a Hot, Hypoxic Environment

Eaton, Tom; Potter, Aaron; Billaut, François; Panchuk, Derek; Pyne, David B.; Gore, Christopher J.; Chen, Tingting; McQuade, Leon R.; Stepto, Nigel K.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0108

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our study was the second to measure the effects of caffeine on these neuromuscular parameters before and after dynamic exercises in hypoxia and, therefore, comparisons are difficult. Eaton et al ( 2016 ), the only other study with a similar testing protocol, did not find any difference in neuromuscular parameters (MVC and twitch torque, and central activation ratio) when comparing the caffeine only and placebo conditions after an exercise task designed to mimic the running profile of team sport athletes. This study, which involved other conditions such as caffeine plus essential amino acids, presented a few moderating factors such as heat (30 °C) and prior ingestion of carbohydrates in addition to hypoxia (Eaton et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia

et al. 2016

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PurposeTo investigate the effects of caffeine on performance, neuromuscular fatigue and perception of effort during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia.MethodsSeven adult male participants firstly underwent an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer in conditions of acute normobaric hypoxia (fraction inspired oxygen = 0.15) to establish peak power output (PPO). In the following two visits, they performed a time to exhaustion test (78 ± 3% PPO) in the same hypoxic conditions after caffeine ingestion (4 mg kg−1) and one after placebo ingestion in a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced cross-over design.ResultsCaffeine significantly improved time to exhaustion by 12%. A significant decrease in subjective fatigue was found after caffeine consumption. Perception of effort and surface electromyographic signal amplitude of the vastus lateralis were lower and heart rate was higher in the caffeine condition when compared to placebo. However, caffeine did not reduce the peripheral and central fatigue induced by high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia.ConclusionThe caffeine-induced improvement in time to exhaustion during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia seems to be mediated by a reduction in perception of effort, which occurs despite no reduction in neuromuscular fatigue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia

et al. 2016

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“…In particular, we were unable to determine the blood profile changes of the EAA after their ingestion. However, other authors reported that an oral EAA administration, of a similar dose to that used in the present investigation, within the 3 h before an exercise bout, is followed by a significant increase of EAA blood concentration ( Eaton et al, 2016 ). Furthermore we can only speculate on the exact biochemical role and the contribution to the observed effects of selected amino acids in the mixture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 43%

“…However, a limited number of studies is available on the effects of these AA on central and peripheral aspects of fatigue during or after RE and, therefore, this subject has yet to be adequately addressed. References available indicate a possible role of BCAA in delaying central fatigue during sustained exercise through the regulation of brain’s uptake of tryptophan, as it was historically proposed by Blomstrand (2006) ; more recently, Gee and Deniel (2016) hypothesized that BCAA consumption before and after intense RE may lead to a reduction of subsequent damage-induced power loss due to increased muscle recovery; Eaton et al (2016) , based on prior reference using EAA to manipulate neurotransmitters ( Pardridge, 1998 ), evaluated the possible effects of an acute EAA administration on central fatigue and muscle activation during high-intensity exercise protocol. Data on the possible effects of acute administration of BCAA or EAA on myoelectric descriptors of fatigue (peripheral and/or central) ( De Luca, 1984 ; Enoka and Duchateau, 2008 ; Mesin et al, 2009 ; Gonzalez-Izal et al, 2012 ) measured before and after a RE bout are completely lacking and research in this direction needs further advancement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise

et al. 2018

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of a single oral administration of an essential amino acids enriched mixture (EAA) on myoelectric descriptors of fatigue and maximal force production after a resistance exercise protocol (REP).Methods: Twenty adult males (age: 27 ± 6 years; body mass: 72.7 ± 7.50 kg; height: 1.76 ± 0.06 m) were enrolled in a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Subjects were randomized to receive EAA mix (0.15 g/kg BM) or a placebo (PLA) in two successive trials 7 days apart. In both trials subjects completed a REP 2 h after the ingestion of the EAA mix or PLA. Before ingestion and after REP subjects performed isometric contractions of the dominant upper limb with the elbow joint at 120 degrees: (1) two maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) for 2–3 s; (2) at 20% MVC for 90 s; (3) at 60% MVC until exhaustion. Mean values of MVC, conduction velocity initial values (CV), fractal dimension initial values (FD), their rates of change (CV slopes, FD slopes) and the Time to perform the Task (TtT) were obtained from a multichannel surface electromyography (sEMG) recording technique. Basal blood lactate (BL) and BL after REP were measured.Results: Following REP a significant decrease of MVC was observed in PLA (P < 0.05), while no statistical differences were found in EAA between pre-REP and post-REP. After REP, although a significant increase in BL was found in both groups (P < 0.0001) a higher BL Δ% was observed in PLA compared to EAA (P < 0.05). After REP, at 60% MVC a significant increase of CV rate of change (P < 0.05) was observed in PLA but not in EAA. At the same force level TtT was longer in EAA compared to PLA, with a significant TtT Δ% between groups (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Acute EAA enriched mix administration may prevent the loss of force-generating capacity during MVC following a REP. During isometric contraction at 60% MVC after REP the EAA mix may maintain CV rate of change values with a delay in the TtT failure.

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“…Central fatigue experienced by our participants, reflected by a marked decrease of VA throughout fatigue and recovery, was not attenuated by caffeine ingestion. Such an attenuation has been reported only once (Del Coso et al., 2008), which is in contrast to a considerable number of studies (Cureton et al., 2007; Eaton et al., 2016; Kalmar & Cafarelli, 2006; Kalmar et al., 2006; Meyers & Cafarelli, 2005; Smirmaul et al., 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Effects of caffeine on the muscle itself are unlikely, because a number of studies were unable to demonstrate a significant effect of the drug on electrically evoked contractile properties (Black, Waddell, & Gonglach, 2015; Del Coso, Estevez, & Mora‐Rodriguez, 2008; Eaton et al., 2016; Hespel, Op ’t Eijnde, & Van Leemputte, 2002; Kalmar & Cafarelli, 1999, 2004, 2006; Kalmar, Del Balso, & Cafarelli, 2006; Neyroud et al., 2019; Plaskett & Cafarelli, 2001; Smirmaul, de Moraes, Angius, & Marcora, 2016). However, to date five studies have shown a caffeine‐induced effect on contractile properties (Bazzucchi, Felici, Montini, Figura, & Sacchetti, 2011; Bowtell et al., 2018; Cureton et al., 2007; Meyers & Cafarelli, 2005; Tarnopolsky & Cupido, 2000); therefore, this hypothesis should not be dismissed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function in a non‐fatigued state and during fatiguing exercise

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Kyröläinen

et al. 2020

Experimental Physiology

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Caffeine enhances exercise performance, but its mechanisms of action remain unclear. In this study, we investigated its effects on neuromuscular function in a non-fatigued state and during fatiguing exercise. Eighteen men participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Baseline measures included plantarflexion force, drop jump, squat jump, voluntary activation of triceps surae muscle, soleus muscle contractile properties, M-wave, -motoneuron excitability (H-reflex), corticospinal excitability, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (SP) and plasma potassium and caffeine concentrations. Immediately after baseline testing, participants ingested caffeine (6 mg⋅kg −1 ) or placebo. After a 1-h rest, baseline measures were repeated, followed by a fatiguing stretch-shortening cycle exercise (sets of 40 bilateral rebound jumps on a sledge apparatus) until task failure. Neuromuscular testing was carried out throughout the fatigue protocol and afterwards. Caffeine enhanced drop jump height (by 4.2%) and decreased the SP (by 12.6%) in a non-fatigued state. A caffeine-related decrease in SP and short-interval intracortical inhibition before the fatiguing activity was associated with an increased time to task failure. The participants who benefitted from an improved performance on the caffeine day reported a significantly lower sense of effort during exercise and had an accelerated postexercise recovery of M-wave amplitude. Caffeine modulates inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, recovery of M-wave amplitude and perception of effort. This study lays the groundwork for future examinations of differences in caffeine-induced neuromuscular changes between those who are deemed to benefit from caffeine ingestion and those who are not.

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A Combination of Amino Acids and Caffeine Enhances Sprint Running Capacity in a Hot, Hypoxic Environment

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia

Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise

Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function in a non‐fatigued state and during fatiguing exercise

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