A cohort study of 196 Thai shrimp ponds reveals a complex etiology for early mortality syndrome (EMS)

Sanguanrut, Piyachat; Munkongwongsiri, Natthinee; Kongkumnerd, Janejit; Thawonsuwan, Jumroensri; Thitamadee, Siripong; Boonyawiwat, Visanu; Tanasomwang, Varin; Flegel, Timothy W.; Sritunyalucksana, Kallaya

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.04.033

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…By satisfying Koch's postulates, we have demonstrated that S. khirikhana TH2012 T is lethal to shrimp (60-h LC 50~1 0 5 CFU ml À1 ) and is the first from its genus to constitute an emerging shrimp pathogen. Its origin from moribund shrimp in an EMS/AHPND outbreak pond lends some support to the hypothesis that it could possibly cause some of the unexplained mortality in EMS ponds (Sanguanrut et al, 2018) or even in other non-EMS ponds with unexplained mortality. In addition, it is possible that it might act together with AHPND bacteria in an additive or synergistic way to exacerbate shrimp mortality as earlier hypothesized (FAO, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Thus, after the discovery of VP AHPND , it was hypothesized that non‐AHPND isolates previously obtained from AHPND outbreak ponds might have the ability to potentiate the virulence of a VP AHPND isolate (FAO, ). Results of the study revealed that the cause of mortality in some EMS ponds was unknown (Sanguanrut et al , ), and reports on wide variation in the virulence of AHPND isolates lent some support to this 2013 hypothesis. Thus, in a continued effort to test the hypothesis, we have been screening other bacterial isolates that have been obtained from EMS/AHPND ponds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In 2013, the cause of AHPND was reported to be unique isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP AHPND ) that produced Pir vp toxins A and B from genes on a conjugative plasmid called pVA (Tran et al , ; Lee et al , ; Sirikharin et al, ). AHPND accounts for only a portion of the disease outbreaks that shrimp farmers collectively call early mortality syndrome (EMS) (Sanguanrut et al , ) and so cannot be equated with EMS that shrimp farmers use to refer to any early mortality whatever the cause (Thitamadee et al , ). Thus, all reports of putative AHPND outbreaks that arise by equating EMS with AHPND must be considered scientifically unreliable, unless they are accompanied by confirmation in the form of evidence for pathognomonic AHPND lesions, PCR detection of VP AHPND or immunological detection of Pir vp toxins A and B.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shewanella khirikhana sp. nov. – a shrimp pathogen isolated from a cultivation pond exhibiting early mortality syndrome

Prachumwat

Wechprasit

Srisala

et al. 2020

Microbial Biotechnology

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Summary Early mortality syndrome (EMS) in cultivated shrimp is of complex aetiology. One of the causes is acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by unique Vibrio isolates that carry two Pirvp toxin genes, but other causes of EMS remain mostly unexplained. Here, we describe the discovery of a Shewanella isolate TH2012T from an EMS/AHPND outbreak pond and demonstrate its virulence for shrimp (the mean lethal concentration of 105 colony‐forming units per millilitre by immersion challenge) accompanied by distinctive histopathology, particularly of the ventral nerve cord and lymphoid organ but also including the digestive tract. On the basis of its complete genome sequence, multilocus phylogenetic trees, digital DNA–DNA hybridization analysis and differential phenotypic characteristics, we propose that Shewanella isolate TH2012T represents a novel species, separated sufficiently from the type strains S. litorisediminis and S. amazonensis to justify naming it Shewanella khirikhana sp. nov. Analysis of the TH2012T genome revealed no homologues of the Pirvp toxin genes but revealed a number of other potential virulence factors. It constitutes the first Shewanella isolate reported to be pathogenic to shrimp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shewanella khirikhana sp. nov. – a shrimp pathogen isolated from a cultivation pond exhibiting early mortality syndrome

Prachumwat

Wechprasit

Srisala

et al. 2020

Microbial Biotechnology

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“…This left the industry vulnerable for nonviral diseases. The first resulting disaster was the advent, and spread (beginning around 2009), of EMS, outbreaks of which AHPND caused by Vibrio species is a component cause (Sanguanrut et al, ; Thitamadee et al, ). Only later was it discovered that the endemic microsporidian, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei , that causes hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis was spreading throughout the hatchery culture system and thence to farms at the same time.…”

Section: Lessons Learned In the Last Three Decadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture

Flegel

2019

J World Aquaculture Soc

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117

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Aquaculture is the fastest‐growing animal production sector, and shrimp production already exceeds that of the capture fishery. Viruses and bacteria account for the majority of disease losses for shrimp farmers. Viral pandemics in the mid 1990s and, more recently, a bacterial pandemic from 2009 to 2015 have led to the conclusion that future, sustainable shrimp aquaculture will depend on the development of more efficient, biosecure production facilities that cultivate specific pathogen‐free (SPF) shrimp, genetically improved for growth and disease tolerance or resistance. Major requirements for development, maintenance, and use of SPF stocks in aquaculture are effective pathogen surveillance and disease prevention methods. When protective measures fail and diseases occur in production ponds, there are currently only a few approved and practical therapeutic methods available for use with bacterial pathogens and none so far for viral pathogens. To improve existing methods of prevention and therapy and to develop new ones, research is being carried out on the nature of shrimp–pathogen interactions. Promising results have been obtained at the laboratory level for possible applications involving the use of immunostimulants for “immune priming” or “trained immunity” of RNA interference and of endogenous viral elements. Some of these promising new directions are discussed.

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“…But it is believed this will reach species of the entire food web including benthic organisms like shrimp. Shrimp have suffered greatly the last decade of several diseases including Early Mortality Syndrome, Acute Hepatopancreas Necrosis Syndrome, Whitespot Syndrome Virus, and other Vibriobacteria related diseases (Sanguanrut et al, 2018). While pathogenic bacteria pressure increases as result of climate change, rearing shrimp in zero water exchange ponds, such as nutritious ponds or Biofloc Technology ponds, will aid in resistance and robustness of the pond's ecosystem and the cultured shrimp to disease outbreak.…”

Section: Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritious ponds : valorising waste using natural production

Hermsen¹

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CHAPTER 1 high consumer biomass supported by comparati vely low primary producer biomass). But in eutrophic systems, the consumers relied mostly on HUFA availability, and oft en HUFA limitati on resulted in algal blooms. The study showed that opti mal levels of both HUFA as well as phosphorous (stoichiometry) at the plant-animal interface are crucial for shaping the food web pyramid and HUFA conservati on through the food web. Figure 2. Picture f rom van de Waal et al., (2009). Primary producers show a wide range of C:P rati os. Consumer animals like zooplankton or fi sh show a narrow-fi xed range due to homeostasis. According to the stoichiometry hypothesis, a possible mismatch and trophic decoupling might be expected when C:N:P rati os become too far apart between food and consumer. 1.2. Formulati on of the problem 1.2.1 Challenges in aquaculture World aquaculture producti on conti nues to be the fastest growing animal-food producing sector with an immense increase from 32.4 to 66.6 million MT in the period 2000-2012. Aquaculture products are an important source of animal protein and HUFA, which are crucial for human health. The producti on from capture fi sheries reached its maximum potenti al in most main fi shing areas and further increases in seafood supply need to come from aquaculture. To meet the growing demand for fi sh-food products with an increasing world populati on to 10.5 billion people in 2050 (an increase of 36 % compared to 2019 and constant birth rates), aquaculture producti on needs to grow to 150 million ton by 2050. To do so, the aquaculture sector needs to intensify, bringing along serious challenges regarding sustainable growth. In aquaculture, more than 80% of fi sh and 98% of shrimp are produced in ponds (FAO 2014). Over the last decades, pond producti on intensifi ed. This This chapter has been submitted for publication to "Aquaculture Nutrition" as:

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A cohort study of 196 Thai shrimp ponds reveals a complex etiology for early mortality syndrome (EMS)

Cited by 31 publications

References 25 publications

Shewanella khirikhana sp. nov. – a shrimp pathogen isolated from a cultivation pond exhibiting early mortality syndrome

Shewanella khirikhana sp. nov. – a shrimp pathogen isolated from a cultivation pond exhibiting early mortality syndrome

A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture

Nutritious ponds : valorising waste using natural production

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