A coaxial line cell for measuring the permittivity of medium to high loss liquids in the frequency range 2 to 15 GHz

Dielectric behavior of water in biological solutions: Studies on myoglobin, human low‐density lipoprotein, and polyvinylpyrrolidone

“…Between 100 lcHz and 100 MHz determinations of relative permittivity (E') were made at 21 frequencies using bridge methods that have been described previously [Essex et al, 19751. Over the remainder of the frequency range, coaxial line techniques were employed [Nightingale et al, 1981; Szwarnowski, 19821, and measurements of E' and t" were made at 44 different frequencies. Hence at each temperature there are 109 data points over the total frequency range, and the errors (95% confidence interval) Dielectric Behavior of Biological Solutions 153 associated with both c' and E" are typically approximately I %.…”

Measuring the dielectric properties of materials. Ninety-year development from low-frequency techniques to broadband spectroscopy and high-frequency imaging

“…Basically, the standing wave ratio and the shift of the nodes of the pattern are probed in suitable circular or rectangular waveguides or coaxial lines and are converted into the complex permittivity of the material under test. Different measurement configurations are sketched in figure 14 where also a draft of the setup for reflection coefficient or input impedance determinations [289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297][298][299] is shown.…”

“…Figure 14. Schematic representation of configurations for the observation of standing waves (A-E) or reflection profiles (F) in circular or rectangular waveguides or, possibly, coaxial lines: (A) standard assembly for liquid and solid samples [288];(B) completely filled slotted line suitable for solids[283]; (C) slotted line combined with variation of the length of liquid column[278]; (D), like (C), but line only partly filled with the sample[287]; partly filled slotted line[284]; (F) typical structure for reflection factor measurements[289,291,[293][294][295][296][297][298]; ε, sample; 1, metallic line; 2, metallic end face; 3, high-precision slotted line with 4, probe shiftable along the axis of the line; 5, dielectric window sealing the cell in liquid measurements, 6, movable shorting plunger with 7, drive mechanism; 8, directional coupler.…”