A Coadunation of Biological and Mathematical Perspectives on the Pandemic COVID-19: A Review

Abstract

Coronaviruse disease (COVID-19) outbreak has created an emergency globally, and social distancing and isolation is the only solution to prevent its spread. Several countries have announced fully locked on to tackle this pandemic. The recent COVID-2019 has shaken the globe with incidence cases of more than half-million cases, and a mortality toll of more than twenty thousand to date. The coronavirus family is inclusive of pathogen of both – animal species and humans, encapsulating the isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Researchers round the globe have been dexterously working to decode this lethal virus. Many mathematical frameworks have also been depicted which have helped to understand the dynamics of the COVID-19. Research on coronaviruses continues to explore various aspects of viral replication and pathogenesis to understanding the predilection of these viruses to switch between species, to develop an infection in a new host, and to identify significant reservoirs of coronaviruses will dramatically aid in our potential to prophesize when and where potential epidemics may occur. Many of the non-structural and accessory proteins encoded by the viruses remain unclear and unknown. This systematic review highlights the current situation of the pandemic, virus genomic composition, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and prognosis along with mathematical models of disease transmission and dynamics.

A Review on Predictive Systems and Data Models for COVID-19

“…In this model, the rate of contact is considered as the variable which is time-dependent [72,73]. c(t) = (c 0 − c e )e −r 1 t + c b c 0 is defined as the initial rate of contact while c b is that the minimum rate of contact which is computed after considering control measures and r 1 represents the exponential reduction in the contact rate [2].…”

“…(3) the codes used in this model can be accessed easily from the available public tools [76]. The models help to predict the (1) future growth of the infection (COVID-19), (2) determine the countries at the risk and (3) provide ways for further improvisations and investigations [61]. Mathematical and computational models are very useful in predicting the nature of the pandemics like COVID-19 [62].…”

“…Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus, was originated from the animal and seafood market in the Wuhan city of Hubei province in mainland China during December 2019 and accounted as a progression of unknown cases of pneumonia throughout the city [1,2]. As per the classification system, it belongs to the Nidovirales (order) and Coronaviridae (family), with a genome size of~30 kb, enveloped in single-stranded positive-strand RNA [1,2]. On January 12th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name "2019-nCoV" for 2019 novel Coronavirus.…”

“…As of now (June 2020), the number of diseased individuals, and also the death count, is growing rapidly throughout the world, and the topmost countries are USA, Russia, India, Brazil, and the UK. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) also announced that the virus might be spread through the contact of infected individuals, by touching the infected surfaces, or the contamination with faeces, and the isolation period is 14 days [2]. The common symptoms those seen in patients fever, cold, cough, and difficulty in breathing and the older individuals which have previously known medical problems, such as lung-related symptoms and low immunity are more susceptible to COVID-19 [2].…”

“…Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) also announced that the virus might be spread through the contact of infected individuals, by touching the infected surfaces, or the contamination with faeces, and the isolation period is 14 days [2]. The common symptoms those seen in patients fever, cold, cough, and difficulty in breathing and the older individuals which have previously known medical problems, such as lung-related symptoms and low immunity are more susceptible to COVID-19 [2]. We can prevent ourselves by frequently washing the hands, keeping social distancing, as well as keep away our hands to touch with face, nose, and mouth [4].…”