A CO2 Emissions Accounting Framework with Market-based Incentives for Cloud Infrastructures

Abstract

Abstract:CO2 emissions related to Cloud computing reach nowadays worrying levels, without any reduction in sight. Often, Cloud users, asking for virtual machines, are not aware of such emissions which concern the entire Cloud infrastructures and are thus difficult to split into the actual resources utilization, such as virtual machines. We propose a CO2 emissions accounting framework giving flexibility to the Cloud providers, predictability to the users and allocating all the carbon costs to the users. This paper shows the architecture of our accounting framework and ideas on how to practically implement it.

Energy aware ultrascale systems

“…It is thus crucial to provide the energy models for data centers. This was covered in two other studies [317,318] summarized in this chapter.…”

“…sun and wind) are intermittent and variable by nature. For favoring renewable energy sources, instead of computing a financial cost, we propose a CO2-related cost [318].…”

“…This CO2 emissions accounting framework gives flexibility to the Cloud providers, predictability to the users and allocates all the carbon costs to the users [318]. Similarly to EPAVE, it considers the indirect costs induced by the userâȂŹs utilization, like for instance, the consumption of the data center air conditioning system.…”

“…In this section, we have pictured an overview of two energy costs models for VMs: EPAVE, which provides an energy-proportional accounting in data centers [317], and a CO2 emissions accounting framework [318]. Both aim at fairly distributing all energy costs to the users, including indirect costs like the electricity consumption of cooling systems.…”