A CMOS building block for analogue VLSI systems

A Linear CMOS Voltage-to-Current Converter

“…A performance comparison of our converter and some existing circuits employing the 0.35 µm CMOS technology is summarized in Table 1. The linearity of this work is better, as shown in Figure 9, while the transconductor proposed in [9] has the largest bandwidth. The rail-to-rail converters presented in [5] and [11] possess wider ranges but worse linearity than those of this work.…”

“…According to our post-layout simulation, the folded-cascode operational amplifier employed possesses a low-frequency gain of 76 dB, unitygain frequency of 12.4 MHz, and a phase margin of 80 • , and dissipates 0.31 mW from a 3.3 V supply. The normalized large-signal transconductance of the voltage-to-current converter is compared with those of the converters introduced in [3], [7], and [9]. The transconductances of the converters are overlapped and displayed versus the adjusted input voltage range for convenience.…”

“…Voltage-to-current converters find usage in many analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits for signal processing [3], [5]- [7], [9], [11], [12]. For example, voltage-to-current converters serve as interface conversion in switched-current circuits and signal processing.…”

“…Summary performance comparison of the voltage-to-current converter and the converters proposed in[3],[7], and[9] …”

A systematic approach for realizing biquadratic current-mode filters using CMOS technology

“…The master block should be programmed to produce current samples corresponding to the ideal magnitude response of the ® lter. The ideal response and the actual response can be compared as a voltage di erence at the input of a di erential input TCA ( Raut 1996). When the error in magnitude response is by a constant scale factor, say k, the arrangement in ® gure 12 will produce the accurate response if g VCT R = 1 is arranged.…”