A cluster of Legionnaires’ disease linked to an industrial plant in southeast Norway, June-July 2008

Borgen, Katrine; Aaberge, Ingeborg S.; Werner-Johansen, Øyvind; Gjøsund, K; Størsrud, B; Haugsten, S; Nygård, Karin; Krogh, Truls; Ea, Høiby; Da, Caugant; Kanestrøm, Anita; Simonsen, Øystein; Blystad, Hans

doi:10.2807/ese.13.38.18985-en

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Borgen et al 83 reported on a cluster five LD cases that were linked to a biological treatment plant at a company that produced wood-based chemicals in Norway in 2008. Clinical and environmental L. pneumophila isolates showed the same sequence type (ST462).…”

Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 23 publications, potential sources or reservoirs of Legionella were described that were only mentioned in one or two publications selected in this review. The following potential sources were considered in source investigations: discharge vessels of sullage tanks collecting bilge water from ships, a steam turbine condenser, an inoperative bedpan flusher, a steam towel warmer, an industrial air scrubber located at a WWTP (see Wastewater/Wastewater Treatment Plants), , and garden hoses. , Low LOEs (III–V) were assigned because the evidence was inconclusive or another suspected source was found to be the most likely source.…”

Section: Potential Legionella Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confirmed and Potential Sources of Legionella Reviewed

Heijnsbergen

Schalk

Euser

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

135

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Legionella bacteria are ubiquitous in natural matrices and man-made systems. However, it is not always clear if these reservoirs can act as source of infection resulting in cases of Legionnaires' disease. This review provides an overview of reservoirs of Legionella reported in the literature, other than drinking water distribution systems. Levels of evidence were developed to discriminate between potential and confirmed sources of Legionella. A total of 17 systems and matrices could be classified as confirmed sources of Legionella. Many other man-made systems or natural matrices were not classified as a confirmed source, since either no patients were linked to these reservoirs or the supporting evidence was weak. However, these systems or matrices could play an important role in the transmission of infectious Legionella bacteria; they might not yet be considered in source investigations, resulting in an underestimation of their importance. To optimize source investigations it is important to have knowledge about all the (potential) sources of Legionella. Further research is needed to unravel what the contribution is of each confirmed source, and possibly also potential sources, to the LD disease burden.

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Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Legionella Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmed and Potential Sources of Legionella Reviewed

Heijnsbergen

Schalk

Euser

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This observation is consistent with previous studies that have predicted the long-range transport of Legionella. 19,22,73 In the local climatic context of Tarbes where the decrease is slow, it seems essential that the concentration has to be already low (below 10 4 ) at 100 m from the sprinklers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the risk ofLegionellainfection using a general Bayesian network updated from temporal measurements in agricultural irrigation with reclaimed wastewater

Massiot

Courault

Jacob

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…Following three major outbreaks of Legionnaire's disease in Norway in 2001Norway in , 2005Norway in , and 2008, associated with cooling towers and an air scrubber [22,23], provisions on Legionella prevention were included in Norwegian legislation, imposing on all owners of technical installations with the potential to spread Legionella to perform a risk assessment and introduce preventive measures [24]. Details are elaborated in national guidelines on the control and prevention of Legionella, identifying critical control points for risk assessments, and how to design a subsequent prevention and control programme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adherence to Legionella control regulations and guidelines in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional survey

Bekkelund,

Angeloff,

Amato

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background Infection by Legionella bacteria is a risk to elderly individuals in health care facilities and should be managed by preventing bacterial proliferation in internal water systems. Norwegian legislation calls for a mandatory Legionella-specific risk assessment with the subsequent introduction of an adapted water management programme. The present study investigates adherence to legislation and guidelines on Legionella control and prevention in Norwegian nursing homes. Methods A cross-sectional survey was distributed to Norwegian municipalities to investigate the status of Legionella specific risk assessments of internal water distribution systems and the introduction of water management programmes in nursing homes. Results A total of 55.1% (n = 228) of the participating nursing homes had performed Legionella-specific risk assessments, of which 55.3% (n = 126) stated that they had updated the risk assessment within the last year. 96.5% introduced a water management programme following a risk assessment, whereas 59.6% of the ones without a risk assessment did the same. Nursing homes with risk assessments were more likely to monitor Legionella levels than those without (61.2% vs 38.8%), to remove dead legs (44.7% vs 16.5%), and to select biocidal preventive treatment over hot water flushing (35.5% vs 4.6%). Conclusions This study presents novel insight into Legionella control in Norway, suggesting that adherence to mandatory risk assessment in nursing homes is moderate-low. Once performed, the risk assessment seems to be advantageous as an introduction to future Legionella prevention in terms of the scope and contents of the water management programme.

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A cluster of Legionnaires’ disease linked to an industrial plant in southeast Norway, June-July 2008

Abstract: Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Confirmed and Potential Sources of Legionella Reviewed

Confirmed and Potential Sources of Legionella Reviewed

Monitoring the risk ofLegionellainfection using a general Bayesian network updated from temporal measurements in agricultural irrigation with reclaimed wastewater

Adherence to Legionella control regulations and guidelines in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional survey

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