A clinical TRIAD for early suspicion of autoimmune encephalitis as a possibility in patients presenting with progressive cognitive decline

Chandra, Satish; Ray, Somdattaa; Isaac, Thomas Gregor; Pai, Anupama Ramakanth; Krishnareddy, Haripriya; Dhar, Debjyoti; Philip, Mariamma

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.02.013

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The triad was statistically significant in differentiating degenerative and autoimmune dementias. If this triad is present, the antibodies should be evaluated first to shorten the delay in diagnosis, which is an easy bedside clue to suspect reversible dementias [33].…”

Section: Anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate Encephalitis As a Reversible Cause Of Cognitive Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Detailed Review of the Different Psychiatric Presentations and Red Flags to Look for in Suspected Cases

Subeh¹,

Lajber

Patel³

et al. 2021

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that involves N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors. It is the most common autoimmune encephalitis, and early detection and treatment are crucial for morbidity-free recovery. Distinguishing this disorder from a primary psychiatric illness is quite challenging as this disorder classically presents with psychiatric manifestations that often resemble schizophrenic psychosis. Therefore, this review intended to scope the psychiatric manifestations this disorder could present with and dissect how they differ from primary psychiatric disorders. A PubMed database search was done. The results yielded were analyzed; eventually, 50 papers were used to review the different signs and symptoms the disease can present with, including common and rare disease presentations. Diagnostic challenges and helpful clinical clues to recognize the disorder were reviewed as well.

show abstract

Section: Anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate Encephalitis As a Reversible Cause Of Cognitive Declinementioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Detailed Review of the Different Psychiatric Presentations and Red Flags to Look for in Suspected Cases

Subeh¹,

Lajber

Patel³

et al. 2021

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Limbic encephalitis, or limbic encephalopathy, is a reversible cause of cognitive impairment when correctly diagnosed and early treated [19] . The main symptoms suggest infectious encephalitis [19] , but there are many differential diagnosis besides infection: neurodegenerative dementias, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, overdose, schizophrenia and others [4,19] . It affects mostly men over 50 years old and has poor association with tumors [4] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The symptoms include amnesia, confusion, psychiatric features, seizures, sleep disturbance and dysautonomia [4,[19][20][21] . The presentation vary from acute to insidious [4] and may be preceded by neuromyotonia [22] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Focal seizures are the most common type, frequently assuming medial temporal-lobe topography; and generalized seizures are less frequent [4] . Chandra et al [19] described 12 patients with anti-VGKC encephalitis; all of them had cognitive decline, sleep disturbance and symptoms of panic, 9 had agitation and 3 had faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Catatonia was observed in anti-NMDA related encephalitis, but not in anti-VGKC [19] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chandra et al [19] described 12 patients with anti-VGKC encephalitis; all of them had cognitive decline, sleep disturbance and symptoms of panic, 9 had agitation and 3 had faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Catatonia was observed in anti-NMDA related encephalitis, but not in anti-VGKC [19] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations