A Classification of Proteolytic Enzymes

Bergmann, Max

doi:10.1002/9780470122471.ch3

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…In addition, proteolysis-related genes are picked up in Figure S8 as well. There are myriads of proteolytic enzymes expressed in the kidney, 44 , 45 and those are effected by HS diet in Cx tissue. Genes encoding protease-activated receptors ( F2r ) 46 are upregulated by HS, whereas megalin ( Lrp2 ) and clathrin ( Cltc ) were reduced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Responses of Normal Rat Kidneys to a High Salt Intake

et al. 2023

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In this study, novel methods were developed which allowed continuous (24/7) measurement of arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow in freely moving rats and the intermittent collection of arterial and renal venous blood to estimate kidney metabolic fluxes of O2 and metabolites. Specifically, the study determined the effects of a high salt (HS; 4.0% NaCl) diet upon whole kidney O2 consumption and arterial and renal venous plasma metabolomic profiles of normal Sprague-Dawley rats. A separate group of rats was studied to determine changes in the cortex and outer medulla tissue metabolomic and mRNAseq profiles before and following the switch from a 0.4% to 4.0% NaCl diet. In addition, targeted mRNA expression analysis of cortical segments was performed. Significant changes in the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles occurred with feeding of the HS diet. A progressive increase of kidney O2 consumption was found despite a reduction in expression of most of the mRNA encoding enzymes of TCA cycle. A novel finding was the increased expression of glycolysis-related genes in Cx and isolated proximal tubular segments in response to a HS diet, consistent with increased release of pyruvate and lactate from the kidney to the renal venous blood. Glycolytic production of NADH is used in either the production of lactate or transport via the malate-aspartate shuttle for oxidation and energy production in mitochondria. Aerobic glycolysis (e.g., Warburg-effect) may therefore contribute to the needed increase in cellular energy in normal rats fed a HS diet. The study provides evidence that kidney metabolism responds to a HS diet enabling enhanced energy production while protecting from oxidative stress and injury.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Responses of Normal Rat Kidneys to a High Salt Intake

et al. 2023

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“…In addition, proteolysis related genes are picked up in Figure S6 as well. There are myriads of proteolytic enzymes expressed in the kidney 37, 38 , and those are effected by HS diet in Cx tissue. Genes encoding protease-activated receptors ( F2r ) 39 are upregulated by HS, whereas megalin ( Lrp2 ) and clathrin ( Cltc ) were reduced.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic responses of normal rat kidneys to a high salt intake

Shimada

Yang

Kurth

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the present study, novel methods were developed which allowed continuous (24/7) measurement of blood pressure (BP) and renal blood flow (RBF) in freely moving rats and the intermittent collection of arterial and renal venous blood to estimate kidney metabolic fluxes of O2 and metabolites. The study determined the effects of a high salt (HS) diet upon whole kidney O2 consumption and the metabolomic profiles of normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. A separate group of rats was studied to determine changes in the cortex (Cx) and outer medulla (OM) tissue metabolomic and mRNAseq profiles before and following the switch from a 0.4% to a 4.0% NaCl diet. Significant changes in the metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles occurred with feeding of the HS diet. A progressive increase of kidney O2 consumption was found despite a reduction in expression of most of the mRNA encoding enzymes of TCA cycle. Increased glycolysis was evident with the elevation of mRNA expression encoding key glycolytic enzymes and release of pyruvate and lactate from the kidney in the renal venous blood. Glycolytic production of NADH is used in either the production of lactate or oxidized via the malate aspartate shuttle. Aerobic glycolysis (e.g., Warburg-effect) may account for the needed increase in cellular energy. The study provides interesting and provocative new data of how normal kidneys respond to a HS diet and guides us toward deeper mechanistic studies examining the effects of a HS diet upon kidney metabolism.

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“…To polymerize different amino acids into polypeptide chains, proteases of different specificities were presumed to act in concert. First raised in the early 1930s (Wasteneys and Borsook 1930;Voegtlin et al 1933), this idea was supposedly supported by the experimental work of Max Bergmann and his student Joseph Fruton at the Rockefeller Institute (Bergmann 1942;Bergmann and Fraenkel-Conrat 1937;Bergmann andFruton 1938, 1941;Fruton 1941Fruton , 1950. Although the protease-catalysis theory of protein synthesis was contradicted by energetics calculations and other considerations (Borsook and Huffman 1938;Loftfield et al 1953) it persisted until the early 1950s (Campbell and Work 1953;Linderstrøm-Lang 1952;Steinberg and Anfinsen 1952;Zamecnik 1950).…”

Section: Early Ideas On the Mechanism Of Protein Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 98%

Crick's Adaptor Hypothesis and the Discovery of Transfer RNA: Experiment Surpassing Theoretical Prediction

Fry

2021

Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology

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Historically, hypotheses failed in most cases to correctly forecast the workings of complex biological systems. Francis Crick’s adaptor hypothesis, however, stands out as an exceptional case of a confirmed abstract prediction. This hypothesis presciently anticipated the existence of RNA adaptors that function as bridges between amino acids and the chemically different nucleic acid template for proteins. Crick conjectured that the adaptors are enzymatically charged with cognate amino acids, they bind to complementary protein-coding nucleic acid, and their liberated amino acids are incorporated into growing protein chains. Independently from and concomitantly with Crick’s hypothesis, Mahlon Hoagland and Paul Zamecnik conducted experiments with no guiding theory that culminated in discoveries of the actual adaptors, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, and their amino acids charging enzymes. This paper traces the parallel histories of Crick’s adaptor hypothesis and of the experimental discovery of tRNA and compares their relative impacts on the scientific community. Remarkably, despite the brilliance of Crick’s confirmed prognostication, it had marginal impact on practicing scientists. Conversely, Hoagland and Zamecnik’s experimental discoveries and their evidence-based model of protein synthesis had immediate and enduring impact. I discuss possible explanations for the different impacts of the theoretical prediction and experimental identifications of the same entities.

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A Classification of Proteolytic Enzymes

Cited by 11 publications

References 35 publications

Metabolic Responses of Normal Rat Kidneys to a High Salt Intake

Metabolic Responses of Normal Rat Kidneys to a High Salt Intake

Metabolic responses of normal rat kidneys to a high salt intake

Crick's Adaptor Hypothesis and the Discovery of Transfer RNA: Experiment Surpassing Theoretical Prediction

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