A Classical Physics Approach for Space Expansion: The Hubble Drift

Abstract

Accelerating expansion of metric space AEMS is investigated with classical Newtonian mechanics. Relying on earlier positions, the results are analyzed to reveal what could be a new understanding of the theoretical framework of the subject. Notably, it is shown that space is physical; it comprises aggregated waveforms of the chemical elements and shares identical quantization, periodicity and mass-evolution with matter. Three plausible methods are identified for classical investigation of the Hubble effect, all three give same result, Ho= 49.5 km s-1Mpc. AEMS results from coupling of light’s 36.9o tangential component (vr=0.75rω) to periodic space, i.e., a component of the vacuum field’s e-m radiation couples to logarithmically decreasing distance scales, vr(E)/drE, to create an acceleration relative to space not time. Multiplicity of the Hubble constant aHo is traceable to corresponding multiplicity of universes nested within our universe. Mass ejection from a cosmic quantum envelope is the cosmic equivalence of radioactivity, it signals ageing and eventual disappearance of the host periodic envelope from visibility. Reality is an imperturbable (ideal) Steady-State, observations thought to invalidate this view are hugely misinterpreted, an explosion in or of spacetime marking the beginning of time could not conceivably sustain, over the aeons, an accelerating expansion of metric space; furthermore, the cosmic microwave background is the zero-point energy or vacuum radiation. The active galactic nucleus or black hole is not a singularity, it is a two-way valve that facilitates circulation of mass-energy matrices across the four phases or ref. frames of reality. There is no new creation of space or matter, only continuous recycling in line with NASA’s recent observation.

Fundamentals of Universal Gravitation

“…It librates from an element of doubt the philosophies underlying the CP and restores greater confidence on its underlining assumptions. Notably, prior evaluations of: absolute atomic mass [17]; the fundamental physical constants [16,20], mass and energy densities of the cosmos, [19] and recent explanation of the Hubble drift [23] have all received a strong backing from the present results.…”

“…Detailed analysis of (2) reveals that: (i) oscillation frequency ν identifies with the primitive e-m radiation that defines the atom; (ii) ν is a quadruplet, each of its four values refers to a phase of a quadri-phasic common reality; (iii) ν gives rise to four atomic mass generations three of which are well known [12][13][14], the fourth, daily encountered yet unknown, identifies with the atomic waveform; (iv) the waveform, characterized with ultra-low atomic mass values, constitutes the CVF; thus, the vacuum field is physical [15][16][17][18][19], it comprises a pool of atomic em oscillations each defines the chemical element; (v) the atom's physical properties derive from linear correlation of classical simple harmonic motion SHM parameters of its e-m oscillation; these, of course, include four atomic mass m variants and corresponding variants of frequency ν, radius r, angular speed ω, stress σ, strain γ, modulus ϵ, density ρ, and centripetal force F. Evaluation procedure of these parameters have been presented, [16,20]. [21], natural radioactivity [22], expansion of physical space [23].…”

“…The concept was first brought to light in an original conjecture by Descartes [31], later explained in greater detail and formalised by Huygens [32]. A CP programme recently used the concept to account for metric expansion of physical space [23]; the literature shows that the concept seems to be gaining renewed traction [15].…”

“…In building the chemical elements nature designs the electron to make its harmonic parameters evolve in precisely measured discrete geometric progression, see the values in the appendix to [23]; thus, the cosmic vacuum field, comprising the elements' atomic waveforms, is not continuous but discrete and periodic. But, gravity is not quantized [42][43][44], reality's design is not compatible with quantum gravity beyond the photonic 'graviton', that is, photon with intrinsic angular momentum [45,46].…”