A characterization of the palette of Rafał Hadziewicz (1803–1886) through the following techniques: Infrared false colour (IRFC), XRF, FTIR, RS and SEM-EDS

Characterization of the Alphabet Reform Painting

“…According to the SEM-EDX result of sample 2; Na, Ca, Al, Si, S, O elements were found and no organic dyes were found according to HPLC analysis. The FTIR result of sample 2 is considered to be consistent with the FTIR results of reference ultramarine blue (21,47) and the sample is thought to be synthetic ultramarine blue (Na6-10Al6Si6O24S2-4) (24).…”

“…In the FTIR spectrum of this sample, a broad band between 3500 and 2500 cm -1 indicates the presence of carboxylic acid groups which can be attributed the hydrolysis of the oil based binder (46) due to aging. Other important bands in this spectrum can be listed as follows: Ester (RCOOR) band at 1734 cm -1 , CO3 2band at 1395 cm -1 (PbCO3), C-O at 997 cm -1 , which is a characteristic peak for ultramarine blue (21) and the band at 679 cm -1 (PbCO3). According to the SEM-EDX result of sample 2; Na, Ca, Al, Si, S, O elements were found and no organic dyes were found according to HPLC analysis.…”

“…For instance, with the analysis of old paintings so much information can be attained such as the pigments used in the piece of art and changes that may occur in these pigments over time (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), organic and inorganic substances (7)(8)(9)(10)(11), the binders (12)(13), the areas with retouches or patches on these pieces, the areas with varnish, structural deteriorations (such as cracking, flaking, peeling, and tearing) (14)(15), painting technique of the artist (16) and the types of the varnish (17)(18)(19) or the canvas that were used (such as silk, linen, hemp, cotton, jute) (20) which are of great importance for the restoration of these paintings. One can even have an idea about the palette of the artist given that he or she has the chance to analyze several pieces of art that belonged to that artist (21).…”

“…Identification of pigments in artefacts can be a source of valuable information in concern with conversation and art history of the object. Numerous studies on the identification of pigments by FTIR analysis can be found in literature (2)(3)(4)(5)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Regardless of the fact that many inorganic pigments such as ultramarine blue, lead white, malachite and Prussian blue fall into mid-IR region with their characteristic absorption bands, there are many that either do not absorb in that region at all or have absorptions that are at the low wave number end of the region and are not characteristic enough.…”