A characterization of the P-adic integers

Cohen, Jo-Ann; Koh, Kwangil

doi:10.1080/00927878908823748

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The neuronal and hormonal control of glycogen metabolism is mediated via changes in the phosphorylation states of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphory lase kinase, and glycogen synthase [for recent reviews see (204)(205)(206)(207)] . The glycogenoiytic enzymes are activated, and glycogen synthase inhibited, by phosphoryllation.…”

Section: Glycogen Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure and Regulation of Protein Phosphatases

Cohen

1989

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

2,479

1,651

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Four major serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase catalytic subunits are present in the cytoplasm of animal cells. Three of these enzymes, PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2B, are members of the same gene family, while PP-2C appears to be distinct. PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2B are complexed to other subunits in vivo, whereas PP-2C has only been isolated as a monomeric protein. PP-1, PP-2A, and PP-2C have broad and overlapping specificities in vitro, and account for virtually all measurable activity in tissue extracts toward a variety of phosphoproteins that regulate metabolism, muscle contractility, and other processes. Their precise functions in vivo are unknown, although important clues to the physiological roles of PP-1 and PP-2A are provided by the effects of okadaic acid and by the subcellular localization of PP-1. The active forms of PP-1 are largely particulate, and their association with subcellular structures is mediated by "targetting subunits" that direct PP-1 to particular locations, enhance its activity toward certain substrates, and confer important regulatory properties upon it. This concept is best established for the glycogen-bound enzymes in skeletal muscle and liver (PP-1G) and the myofibrillar form (PP-1M) in skeletal muscle. The activities of PP-1 and PP-2B are controlled by the second messengers cyclic AMP and calcium. The activity of PP-2B is dependent on calcium and calmodulin, while PP-1 is controlled in a variety of ways that depend on the form of the enzyme and the tissue. PP-1 can be inhibited by cyclic AMP in a variety of cells through the A-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of inhibitor-1 and its isoforms. Phosphorylation of the glycogen-binding subunit of PP-1G by A-kinase promotes translocation of the catalytic subunit from glycogen particles to cytosol in skeletal muscle, inhibiting the dephosphorylation of glycogen-metabolizing enzymes. Allosteric inhibition of hepatic PP-1G by phosphorylase a occurs in response to signals that elevate cyclic AMP or calcium, and prevents the activation of glycogen synthase in liver. PP-1 can also be activated indirectly by calcium through the ability of PP-2B to dephosphorylate inhibitor-1. This control mechanism may operate in dopaminoceptive neurones of the brain and other cells. The inactive cytosolic form of PP-1 (PP-1I) can be activated in vitro through the glycogen synthase kinase-3-catalyzed phosphorylation of its inhibitory subunit (inhibitor-2), but the physiological significance is unclear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Section: Glycogen Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure and Regulation of Protein Phosphatases

Cohen

1989

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

2,479

1,651

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“…This is because in most cases the element of coercion is not so clear. 20 The decision to exclude economic migrants and migrant workers from the IDP defi nition does not mean there is not a need for special attention to their situation and human rights, but simply that different issues are involved. As Robert Goldman, one of the members of the legal team that drafted the Guiding Principles has explained, the reason for framing an IDP defi nition, was to address the plight of a particular group of persons who had distinct protection and assistance needs resulting from forced displacement; to enlarge the defi nition would risk losing this focus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for Internally Displaced Persons as a Category of Concern

Mooney¹

2005

Refugee Survey Quarterly

115

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“…la posibilidad de existencia de reglas de imputación independientes de las normas de comportamiento 108 . La distinción entre destinatarios de normas de comportamiento y destinatarios de reglas de imputación no significa que ciudadanos y jueces vivan en mundos separados; los jueces, por ejemplo, también "oyen" el mensaje de la norma de comportamiento y, por eso, imponen sanciones al ciudadano que quebranta dicha norma 109 . La doctrina alemana se refiere a este aspecto como la función de evaluación de la norma de comportamiento 110 .…”

Section: Los Destinatarios De La Parte Especial Y Los Destinatarios De La Parte Generalunclassified

La relación entre la parte especial y la general del derecho penal

Martinis

2021

Rev. derecho (Valdivia)

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A characterization of the P-adic integers

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

The Structure and Regulation of Protein Phosphatases

The Structure and Regulation of Protein Phosphatases

The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for Internally Displaced Persons as a Category of Concern

La relación entre la parte especial y la general del derecho penal

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