A century of superconducting technology

Wilson, M.N.

doi:10.1063/1.4712077

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…It took some more time to produce truly reliable superconducting wires based on Nb-Ti multifilaments embedded in a copper matrix, which could then be commercially used for large scale magnet production [7,17]. The main reason for the long delay was flux jumping at increasing field strength, which strongly reduced the critical current and, thus, the achievable magnetic field strength [18]. Development was initially driven by requests from high energy physics, e.g., for particle accelerators, the production of superconducting magnets only became commercially viable around 1980 through the advent of large whole-body MRI magnets which by now is still, commercially speaking, the by far dominant application in terms of world sales of superconducting systems.…”

Section: Resistive Electromagnets the Beginning Of Analytical Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Moser

Laistler

Schmitt³

et al. 2017

Front. Phys.

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"History, of course, is difficult to write, if for no other reason, than that it has so many players and so many authors." -P. J. Keating (former Australian Prime Minister)Starting with post-war developments in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) a race for stronger and stronger magnetic fields has begun in the 1950s to overcome the inherently low sensitivity of this promising method. Further challenges were larger magnet bores to accommodate small animals and eventually humans. Initially, resistive electromagnets with small pole distances, or sample volumes, and field strengths up to 2.35 T (or 100 MHz 1 H frequency) were used in applications in physics, chemistry, and material science. This was followed by stronger and more stable (Nb-Ti based) superconducting magnet technology typically implemented first for small-bore systems in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and structural biology, and eventually allowing larger horizontal-bore magnets with diameters large enough to fit small laboratory animals. By the end of the 1970s, first low-field resistive magnets big enough to accommodate humans were developed and superconducting whole-body systems followed. Currently, cutting-edge analytical NMR systems are available at proton frequencies up to 1 GHz (23.5 T) based on Nb 3 Sn at 1.9 K. A new 1.2 GHz system (28 T) at 1.9 K, operating in persistent mode but using a combination of low and high temperature multi-filament superconductors is to be released. Preclinical instruments range from small-bore animal systems with typically 600-800 MHz (14.1-18.8 T) up to 900 MHz (21 T) at 1.9 K. Human whole-body MRI systems currently operate up to 10.5 T. Hybrid combined superconducting and resistive electromagnets with even higher field strength of 45 T dc and 100 T pulsed, are available for material research, of course with smaller free bore diameters. This rather costly development toward higher and higher field strength is a consequence of the inherently low and, thus, urgently needed sensitivity in all NMR experiments. This review particularly describes and compares the developments in superconducting magnet technology and, thus, sensitivity in three Moser et al.UHF MR-Magnet Technology fields of research: analytical NMR, biomedical and preclinical research, and human MRI and MRS, highlighting important steps and innovations. In addition, we summarize our knowledge on safety issues. An outlook into even stronger magnetic fields using different superconducting materials and/or hybrid magnet designs is presented.

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Section: Resistive Electromagnets the Beginning Of Analytical Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Moser

Laistler

Schmitt³

et al. 2017

Front. Phys.

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“…The most dramatic demonstration of zero DC resistance comes from measurements of persistent currents in closed superconducting rings [13]. The circulating current creates a solenoidal magnetic field and the zero resistance state can also be used to generate very large and stable magnetic fields by making a superconducting solenoid [16]. Both magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers are enabled by superconducting magnets [17].…”

Section: A Zero Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Superconductivity

Anlage

2021

IEEE J. Microw.

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We give a broad overview of the history of microwave superconductivity and explore the technological developments that have followed from the unique electrodynamic properties of superconductors. Their low loss properties enable resonators with high quality factors that can nevertheless handle extremely high current densities. This in turn enables superconducting particle accelerators, high-performance filters and analog electronics, including metamaterials, with extreme performance. The macroscopic quantum properties have enabled new generations of ultra-high-speed digital computing and extraordinarily sensitive detectors. The microscopic quantum properties have enabled large-scale quantum computers, which at their heart are essentially microwave-fueled quantum engines. We celebrate the rich history of microwave superconductivity and look to the promising future of this exciting branch of microwave technology.

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“…Seventy seven years later, in 1877 Cailletet and Pictet liquefied Oxygen at -183 o C (90 o K). Soon after, Nitrogen was liquefied at a temperature of 77 o k. In 1898 Dewar liquefied Hydrogen at 20 o K [9].…”

Section: Historical Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superperconductors, Their History and Applications

2019

APTA

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The phenomenon of zero resistance below certain low temperature (critical temperature) leads to limitless current which implies that no dissipation in electrical energy for this occurrence. This property is immediately followed by expulsion of magnetic field from the interior of a material if this material is placed in external magnetic while it is below this low temperature. Materials that have these unique properties when they are below their critical temperature are superconductor materials which were discovered in 1911 by famous Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes. In addition to the above mentioned properties, superconductors have many exceptional positive properties and thus have excellent potentials for applications in every sector. The main problem of these materials is their low temperature which needs refrigerator for their applications elsewhere which is too costly compared to conventional conductors. Even though having room temperature superconductors is still a dream, if it is achieved we can extract energy from these materials with very low cost. In this review history of superconductors, their type and some of their applications have been considered.

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A century of superconducting technology

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Ultra-High Field NMR and MRI—The Role of Magnet Technology to Increase Sensitivity and Specificity

Microwave Superconductivity

Superperconductors, Their History and Applications

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