A central role of glutamine in <i>Chlamydia</i> infection

Rajeeve, Karthika; Vollmuth, Nadine; Janaki‐Raman, Sudha; Wulff, Thomas F.; Schmalhofer, Maximilian; Schmitz, W.; Baluapuri, Apoorva; Huber, Claudia; Fink, J. Stephen; Dejure, Francesca R.; Wolf, Elmar; Eisenreich, Wolfgang; Schulze, Almut; Seibel, Jürgen; Rudel, Thomas

doi:10.1101/742817

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Although chlamydial inclusions were observed in only a fraction of cells, infection led to significant changes in the content of proteins in apical washes. Consistent with a previous study (45), increased levels of amino acid transporters SLC3A2 and SLC15A (P ϭ 0.06) (Table 1; see also Table S2 in the supplemental material) were observed in washes from cultures of infected cells. SLC3A2 is a transporter for large neutral amino acids, such as tryptophan, while SLC1A5 is a transporter for glutamine.…”

Section: Muc5b Muc4 Muc16 and Muc1 (See Tablesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…SLC3A2 is a transporter for large neutral amino acids, such as tryptophan, while SLC1A5 is a transporter for glutamine. Both are important for chlamydial replication (45)(46)(47). We also observed increased levels of TFRC, which is responsible for iron uptake.…”

Section: Muc5b Muc4 Muc16 and Muc1 (See Tablementioning

confidence: 50%

“…However, their impact during Chlamydia infection remains unknown. Intracellular pathogens are known to dysregulate elements of host protein synthesis (50), upregulating factors that benefit bacterial growth and replication (45) and downregulating factors that may be detrimental to survival (51).…”

Section: Muc5b Muc4 Muc16 and Muc1 (See Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Culture Model To Study Host Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

et al. 2020

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Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the human Fallopian tubes can lead to damaging inflammation and scarring, ultimately resulting in infertility. To study the human cellular responses to chlamydial infection, researchers have frequently used transformed cell lines that can have limited translational relevance. We developed a primary human Fallopian tube epithelial cell model based on a method previously established for culture of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. After protease digestion and physical dissociation of excised Fallopian tubes, epithelial cell precursors were expanded in growth factor-containing medium. Expanded cells were cryopreserved to generate a biobank of cells from multiple donors and cultured at an air-liquid interface. Culture conditions stimulated cellular differentiation into polarized mucin-secreting and multi-ciliated cells, recapitulating the architecture of human Fallopian tube epithelium. The polarized and differentiated cells were infected with a clinical isolate of C. trachomatis, and inclusions containing chlamydial developmental forms were visualized by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Apical secretions from infected cells contained increased amounts of proteins associated with chlamydial growth and replication, including transferrin receptor protein 1, the amino acid transporters SLC3A2 and SLC1A5, and the T cell chemoattractants CXCL10, CXCL11, and RANTES. Flow cytometry revealed that chlamydial infection induced cell surface expression of T cell homing and activation proteins including ICAM-1, VCAM-1, HLA class I and II, and IFNγR. This human Fallopian tube epithelial cell culture model is an important tool with translational potential for studying cellular responses to Chlamydia and other sexually-transmitted pathogens.

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Section: Muc5b Muc4 Muc16 and Muc1 (See Tablesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Muc5b Muc4 Muc16 and Muc1 (See Tablementioning

confidence: 50%

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Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Culture Model To Study Host Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

et al. 2020

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Haemangioma Successfully Treated in a Bitch with Mercurius solubilis: A Case Report

Macías¹

2021

Homœopathic Links

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Conventional medical therapy for haemangioma usually consists of corticosteroids through oral administration, intralesional injection or topical application. Recently, propranolol has demonstrated to offer advantages because its therapeutic efficacy is comparable and fewer adverse effects are observed. This benign vascular tumour is not always so complicated to have to be removed surgically and many others remit without treatment. However, sometimes the unexpected can happen and evolve unfavourably. For these situations, homeopathy can also be evaluated. Here is a case report of an elderly bitch that developed a haemangioma on the pad of the left fifth toe. The lesion increased in size after applying a corticosteroid ointment and became an infected wound with suppuration when the bitch bit it (self-mutilation). A homeopathic approach to the treatment was proposed. Complete remission of the vascular tumour and improvement of behavioural and physical complaints was achieved with a high dilution of Mercurius solubilis. The homeopathic remedy Phosphorus, a phytotherapic ointment of Calendula officinalis, and the application of topical antibiotics did not have the efficacy of the previous one. Although homeopathy does not yet have a specific mechanism of action for each remedy, the pathogenesis of M. solubilis is compatible with a negative regulation of glutamine synthetase. Given that it has been shown that ultra-dilutions can stimulate gene expression, it is theoretically hypothesised here that Mercurius could stimulate glutamate-ammonia ligase gene, which expresses the aforementioned enzyme, and solve or improve diseases whose symptoms are due to their underexpression or inhibition (at gene and protein level). Hence, the aim of this article is to show the results of homeopathy in the clinical practice and to propose a line of research on the mechanism of action of the remedies.

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A central role of glutamine in Chlamydia infection

Cited by 2 publications

References 39 publications

Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Culture Model To Study Host Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cell Culture Model To Study Host Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection

Haemangioma Successfully Treated in a Bitch with Mercurius solubilis: A Case Report

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