“…By and large, some findings were consistent with the concept of individual factors (Peng, 2019;Alimorad and Farahmand, 2021;Ma et al, 2022) or within-person variability (Zhang et al, 2019), such as themes 3, 6, 11, and 13, and most of the rest are in line with the contextual/environmental factors (Peng, 2019;Alimorad and Farahmand, 2021;Ma et al, 2022) and betweenperson variability (Zhang et al, 2019;. While the previous studies mainly focused on in-class factors that influenced students' L2 WTC, the current study discovered some additional out-of-class factors, like themes 5, 12, and 13, which show students' initiative to use English in real-life situations, and to some extent confirm previous researchers' finding that WTC is socio-culturally constructed as a function of the interaction of individual and environmental factors both inside and beyond the classroom walls (Peng, 2019;Alimorad and Farahmand, 2021;Ma et al, 2022).…”