A Case Study on Practices and Acute Toxicity Symptoms Associated with Pesticide Use Among the Farmers of Mid Brahmaputra Valley of Assam

Pesticide Application as a Risk Factor/Behaviour for Workers’ Health: A Systematic Review

“…The selected studies followed an observational methodology [1,2,[10][11][12][14][15][16][35][36][37][38]. The duration of these studies ranged from 4 to 16 months.…”

“…The duration of these studies ranged from 4 to 16 months. Their intervention involved the completion of a pre-tested and pre-defined questionnaire with several items for a face-toface interview with farmers/agricultural workers [1,2,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]25,27,[35][36][37][38]. The completion of this questionnaire was carried out either by the own farmers/workers or by the members/authors of each study, who in some cases were hired stuff.…”

“…The average length of education is 7.6 years, suggesting that most participants com-pleted only their elementary education. The average experience in agriculture and the use of pesticides is 15.8 years, which points to a significant experience in this field [1,2,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]25,27,[35][36][37][38]. [2] Modera : Low risk of bias, moderate risk of bias, and severe risk of bias, respectively.…”

“…The average length of education is 7.6 years, suggesting that most participants completed only their elementary education. The average experience in agriculture and the use of pesticides is 15.8 years, which points to a significant experience in this field [1,2,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]25,27,[35][36][37][38]. [14] Moderate risk Mehmood et al (2019) [10] Low risk Memon et al (2019) [11] Moderate risk Schreinemachers et al (2020) [13] Moderate risk Sharafi et al (2018) [16] Low risk Bakhtawer (2021) [37] Severe risk Nwadike et al (2021) [27] Low risk Bagheri et al (2019) [36] Moderate risk Nath et al (2022) [12] Moderate risk Masruri et al (2020) [25] Moderate risk Aniah et al (2021) [35] Moderate risk Mardigian et al (2021) [15] Low risk Sookhtanlou et al (2022) [38] Moderate risk Kumari et al (2021) [2] Moderate risk : Low risk of bias, moderate risk of bias, and severe risk of bias, respectively.…”

“…In agricultural workers, exposure to pesticides, in some circumstances, can result in the contact of these substances with the human body in three common ways: via dermal (contact with skin), oral (ingestion through the mouth), or respiratory routes (inhalation) [6][7][8][9]. Reconsidering current agricultural practices and systems is essential to safeguard public health and the environment and protect farmers/agricultural workers, who are more exposed to these chemicals when good practices are not considered [10][11][12][13].…”