“…Urothelial carcinoma developing in the pyelocalyceal diverticulum, as in the present case, is a very rare disease, with only 11 cases reported in Japan (Table 1 ). 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Of these 11 cases, four were diagnosed as cystic renal cell carcinoma on preoperative examination, and these cases were difficult to distinguish from those of cystic kidney cancer on preoperative examination, as in the present case.…”