“…Conversely, migraine episodes last from four to 72 hours and are usually one-sided, pulsatile headaches along with vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Notably, a majority of migraines occur without aura, although a subset of patients experience a prodromal sensory or visual disturbance [ 11 ]. The pathophysiology involves cerebral vascular changes and the release of vasoactive neuropeptides, influenced by a variety of environmental and physiological factors [ 12 ].…”