A Case of Efflorescence of Cutaneous Warts as a Manifestation of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in an HIV-Infected Patient

HPV oral lesions in HIV‐infected patients: the impact of long‐term HAART

“…According to the IRIS Definition criteria proposed by the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (40), the onset of new skin/ genital warty lesions, as well as the rapid growth of previously stable warts has been observed during immune restoration (41)(42)(43)(44)(45). In addition, in a subset of HIV-infected patients, the clinical appearance of HPV-OL is characterized by a florid onset, with a rapid and uncontrolled course, refractory to conventional treatments (5,(46)(47)(48)(49).…”

Cutaneous human papillomavirus-related immune reconstitution-associated disease in human immunodeficiency virus: an under-recognized phenomenon

“…Cutaneous warts are very common in untreated HIV, and remain so despite HAART, certainly in our experience (servicing around 5000 HIV‐infected patients). Cutaneous (and genital) related HPV IRAD has previously been reported; 2–5 however, it is not widely acknowledged that cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related IRAD exists, even though it may in fact be commonplace 6 . We describe two patients who developed an acute inflammatory form of IRAD associated with cutaneous HPV.…”

Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments

“…55,57 Specifically, HPV cases demonstrating the development of generalized mucocutaneous verruca and the inflammation of chronic warts within a few months of the initiation of HAART have been described. [57][58][59] In addition, HPV-5-positive EV-like lesions have been described in patients with HAART. 60 HPV typing of the patients with HIV-associated EV has revealed various EV-HPVs, including predominantly HPV-5 and -8, but also types 14, 19, 20, 21, and 37.…”