A case of a trans‐masculine patient receiving testosterone with a history of estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer

Breast cancer in transgender population: incidence, risk factors, screening and peculiarities-an integrative review of the literature

“…8,11 To date, 22 cases of breast cancer in trans women and 23 cases in trans men have been published. 8,14 Breast cancer in trans women patients (as well as in cisgender men) is more commonly associated with positive hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and may be more sensitive to hormonal treatment than in cisgender women. 15 A strong positivity of these receptors in immunohistochemistry of breast neoplasms represents a formal contraindication for the reintroduction of hormone therapy in trans women patients, as described by Corman et al 11 Androgenic receptors are expressed in normal breast tissue and in more than 70% of breast cancers, varying according to the subtype and being expressed more frequently in estrogen-positive tumors.…”

“…7 Testosterone supplementation seems to be a risk factor of lesser magnitude; however, it can be aromatized into estradiol (E2)stimulating cell proliferation in the breast through estrogen receptorsor act directly on androgenic receptors, leading to cell proliferation, which is the opposite to the information presented earlier. 7,14,16 Under the influence of testosterone, there is an increase in fibrous connective tissue in the breast and an upregulation of potential oncogenes. 8 Histologically, breast tissue under the influence of testosterone may also present fibrocystic changes with reduction of glandular tissue, fibroadenomatous, and gynecomastoids.…”

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast in a Transgender Man: A Case Report

“…To date, there are >30 published transmen breast cancer cases -in transmen and nonbinary individuals (assigned female at birth) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The number of transmen breast cancer cases is likely underreported as transgender people traditionally have limited healthcare access due to discrimination, lack of insurance, or reside in medically underserved areas [21].…”

Why Good Cancer Care Means Gender-Affirming Care for Transgender Individuals With Gendered Cancers: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice

“…Whether in the context of prostate, 12 testicular, 13 or breast cancer, 14 studies generally concluded that additional longitudinal research is needed to estimate cancer risk and tailor clinical guidelines. 15 In addition to these biomedical studies, some articles described psychological considerations for GAHT among transgender individuals. Studies suggested that providers need to attend to any decisions regarding the postponement of gender-transitioning treatment 16 and the intersection between gender-affirming care and cancer care.…”

“…Whether in the context of prostate, 12 testicular, 13 or breast cancer, 14 studies generally concluded that additional longitudinal research is needed to estimate cancer risk and tailor clinical guidelines. 15…”