A case for a downwasting mountain glacier during Termination I, Verçenik valley, northeastern Turkey

Akçar, Naki; Yavuz, Vural; Ivy‐Ochs, Susan; Kubik, Peter W.; Vardar, Mahir; Schlüchter, Christian

doi:10.1002/jqs.1144

Cited by 78 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The last decade has seen a large number of studies published in this region (Akçar et al 2007(Akçar et al , 2008(Akçar et al , 2014Sarıkaya et al 2008Sarıkaya et al , 2009Sarıkaya et al , 2014Zahno et al 2009Zahno et al , 2010Zreda et al 2011;Reber et al 2014;Ç iner et al 2015). These are either 10 Be or 36 Cl exposure age studies.…”

Section: Turkey and The Near Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains: a new synthesis

Hughes

Woodward

2016

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The Mediterranean mountains were repeatedly glaciated during the Pleistocene. Glaciers were present in most of the major mountains areas from Morocco in the west to the Black Sea coast of Turkey in the east. Some mountains supported extensive ice caps and ice fields with valley glaciers tens of kilometres long. Other massifs sustained only small-scale ice masses, although this was the exception rather than the norm. Glaciers still exist today and there is evidence that small glaciers were a common sight in many regions during the Little Ice Age. The Mediterranean mountains are important for palaeoclimate research because of their position in the midlatitudes and sensitivity to changes in the climate regimes of adjacent areas including the North Atlantic. These mountains are also important areas of biodiversity and long-term biological change through the Quaternary ice age. All of this provided challenges and opportunities for Palaeolithic societies. This paper reviews the history of the study of glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains from pioneer nineteenth century observations through to the detailed geomorphological mapping and advanced geochronological datasets of recent times. We also review the current state of knowledge to frame the contributions presented in this volume. Lastly, this new synthesis then identifies outstanding research problems and assesses the prospects for new studies of glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains.

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Section: Turkey and The Near Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains: a new synthesis

Hughes

Woodward

2016

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“…Using cosmogenic radioisotope dating, Akçar et al (2007Akçar et al ( , 2008 found evidence that glacier expansion in the Kaçkar Mountains (NE Anatolia) started at ∼ 26 ± 1.2 ka BP and lasted until ∼ 18.3 ± 0.9 ka BP. Maximum glacier expansion occurred at ∼ 20.3 ± 1.5 ka BP in north-western Anatolia (Zahno et al, 2010), at ∼ 21.3 ± 0.9 ka BP in central Anatolia (Sarıkaya et al, 2009), and at ∼ 20.4 ± 1.3 ka BP in western Taurus (Arz et al, 2007); together with regional data from northern Anatolia: (c) δ 13 C from Sofular Cave (Fleitmann et al, 2009) reflecting changes in C3 and C4 plants and from Black Sea core 25-GC1: (d) arboreal pollen record (%) and Quercus curve (thin line); (e) xerophytic biome (%) with smoothed curve (thick line; simple moving 20 points average) (please note the reverse scale); (f) temperate biome (%) with smoothed curve (thick line); (g) concentration of marine dinocysts and acritarchs (specimens cm −3 ); (h) concentration of freshwater algae (specimens cm −3 ).…”

Section: Long-term Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbital- and millennial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 20 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments

Shumilovskikh¹,

Fleitmann

Nowaczyk

et al. 2014

Clim. Past

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Abstract. High-resolution pollen and dinoflagellate cyst records from sediment core M72/5-25-GC1 were used to reconstruct vegetation dynamics in northern Anatolia and surface conditions of the Black Sea between 64 and 20 ka BP. During this period, the dominance of Artemisia in the pollen record indicates a steppe landscape and arid climate conditions. However, the concomitant presence of temperate arboreal pollen suggests the existence of glacial refugia in northern Anatolia. Long-term glacial vegetation dynamics reveal two major arid phases ∼ 64-55 and 40-32 ka BP, and two major humid phases ∼ 54-45 and 28-20 ka BP, correlating with higher and lower summer insolation, respectively. Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles are clearly indicated by the 25-GC1 pollen record. Greenland interstadials are characterized by a marked increase in temperate tree pollen, indicating a spread of forests due to warm/wet conditions in northern Anatolia, whereas Greenland stadials reveal cold and arid conditions as indicated by spread of xerophytic biomes. There is evidence for a phase lag of ∼ 500 to 1500 yr between initial warming and forest expansion, possibly due to successive changes in atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector. The dominance of Pyxidinopsis psilata and Spiniferites cruciformis in the dinocyst record indicates brackish Black Sea conditions during the entire glacial period. The decrease of marine indicators (marine dinocysts, acritarchs) at ∼ 54 ka BP and increase of freshwater algae (Pediastrum, Botryococcus) from 32 to 25 ka BP reveals freshening of the Black Sea surface water. This freshening is possibly related to humid phases in the region, to connection between Caspian Sea and Black Sea, to seasonal freshening by floating ice, and/or to closer position of river mouths due to low sea level. In the southern Black Sea, Greenland interstadials are clearly indicated by high dinocyst concentrations and calcium carbonate content, as a result of an increase in primary productivity. Heinrich events show a similar impact on the environment in the northern Anatolia/Black Sea region as Greenland stadials.

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“…In northeast Anatolia, Akçar et al (2008) consider that glacial advance in the Kavron Valley very likely occurred during the Younger Dryas (12.8 ± 1.0 ka). In fact, there are traces of similar Younger Dryas glacial chronology in the mountains of southern Europe (Hughes et al, 2006).…”

Section: Sparse Glaciation In the Younger Dryasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Pleistocene Glaciations and Paleoclimate of Turkey

Sarıkaya¹,

Çiner²

2015

Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration

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Glaciers respond quickly to climatic changes and thus they are considered to be very accurate indicators of changes in atmospheric conditions. Similarly, the extent of past glaciers gives valuable insights into paleoclimatic changes. For this purpose, we reviewed the paleo-glaciated mountains where cosmogenic surface exposure dating was applied in Turkey. We also evaluated the paleoclimatic results obtained from these studies to provide a regional overview. Twenty-seven mountains in Turkey are high enough to support Quaternary valley glaciers or ice caps. The timing of glaciations was reported mainly by cosmogenic dating of moraines. We re-evaluated the dated sites and recalculated some of the published cosmogenic ages using the up-to-date production rates. The oldest geochronological records reported from the region belong to the glaciations before the globally defined Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These glaciers developed probably during the beginning of the last glaciation (MIS 4; 71 ka ago) and stopped advancing at the end of the MIS 3 (at 29-35 ka ago). Later, glaciers expanded and reached to their most extensive locations during MIS 2 (after 29 ka ago). They reached maximum extents between 21.5 ka ago and 18.5 ka ago. This local-LGM was synchronous with the global-LGM. After the LGM, the glaciers started to retreat to less extensive positions and deposited their moraines 16 ka ago during the Late Glacial. The Younger Dryas (~12 ka ago) advances were also reported from a limited number of mountains. Rare Early Holocene glaciations were dated to 8.5 ka in the interior regions. Late Holocene (1-4 ka ago) and Little Ice Age (between 1300-1850 AD) advances were also observed. We reconstructed the paleoclimate using glacier modeling together with paleoclimate proxy data from several regions. The results show that LGM climate was 8-11°C colder than today and moisture levels were 1.5 to 2 times in SW Turkey, somewhat similar to modern values in central parts and 30 % drier in the NE. The Late Glacial was colder by 4.5-6.4°C based on up to 50 % wetter conditions. The Early Holocene was 2.1-4.9°C colder and up to twice as wet as today, while the Late Holocene was 2.4-3°C colder and its precipitation amounts approached to similar conditions as today.

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A case for a downwasting mountain glacier during Termination I, Verçenik valley, northeastern Turkey

Cited by 78 publications

References 51 publications

Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains: a new synthesis

Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains: a new synthesis

Orbital- and millennial-scale environmental changes between 64 and 20 ka BP recorded in Black Sea sediments

Late Pleistocene Glaciations and Paleoclimate of Turkey

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