A case-crossover study of intensive racing and training schedules and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury and lay-up in California Thoroughbred racehorses

Estberg, Leah; Gardner, Ian A.; Stover, Susan M.; Johnson, Bill

doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00047-0

Cited by 69 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although there was no study on effects of origin to career duration for Arabian horses in the literature, Ekiz et al (8) showed that horses originated from state stud farm show better performance comparing to private stud farm originated horses which supports the findings of the study. Besides, excessive genetic background of state stud farms due to their deep-rooted history in Turkey and their better developed breeding services might have an explanatory role for the findings of the study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Population based studies are useful in assessing health and performance related issues of equine such as racetrack injuries (8,9,21), training failure (2,19). These studies also can be used to develop a career profile (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies mainly focus on the inheritance of performance (6,8,32) and breeding value estimates of Arabian horses (18,30). However, no scientific study has been carried out to estimate the career duration of Arabian racehorses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of factors affecting the length of racing career of Arabian horses in Turkey

Özen¹,

Gürcan²

2016

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:The purpose of this study was to estimate survival functions and the average length of racing career of Arabian racehorses in Turkey in different circumstances. In addition, it was aimed to determine the risk factors that affect the length of racing career of Arabian horses and to create a model including these factors. In this study, the information of 3354 Arabian racehorses that was born in or after 2003 were used. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to estimate the average length of racing career for each selected factors. Cox regression was used to determine the risk factors affecting the length of racing career as well as creating a model using those factors. Results showed that the mean length of racing career of Arabian horses was 22.74 months (95% CI: 22.04-23.44). Also, 'age', 'sex', 'type of stud farm', 'racing on single type of track surface' and 'earnings' variables were found statistically significant risk factors that affect the length of racing career.Keywords: Arabian horse, racing career, risk factors, survival analysis. Türk safkan Arap atlarında yarış hayatına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesiÖzet: Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı nitelikteki Türk Safkan Arap atlarının yaşam fonksiyonları ile ortalama yarış hayatı sürelerinin hesaplanmasıdır. Bunun yanısıra, Arap atlarının yarış hayatı uzunluğunda etkili olabilecek risk faktörlerini belirlemek ve bu faktörlerin yer aldığı bir model oluşturmak hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın materyalini 2003 ve daha sonraki yıllarda doğan 3354 safkan Arap atı oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen her bir faktör için ortalama yarış hayatı uzunluğunun hesaplanmasında Kaplan-Meier analizi kullanılmıştır. Yarış hayatına etki eden risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi ve bu faktörlerden yararlanılarak bir model oluşturulmasında ise Cox regresyonundan yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Arap atlarının ortalama yarış hayatı uzunluğu 22.74 ay (%95GA: 22.04-23.44) olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, "yaş", "cinsiyet", "yetiştiği hara tipi", "tek tip yarış pistinde yarışma" ve " kazanç" değişkenlerinin yarış hayatı uzunluğunda istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı etkisi bulunmuştur. Anahtar sözcükler: Arap atı, risk faktörleri, yarış kariyeri, yaşam analizi.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of factors affecting the length of racing career of Arabian horses in Turkey

Özen¹,

Gürcan²

2016

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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“…The design received widest recognition in 1997 when lay media publicized a study showing that car telephone calls increased the risk of collisions (21,38). Case-crossover analysis has been used to study air pollution in relation to daily mortality (17,34) and injuries in racehorses (6). A pilot study (T Eriksson, personal communication) indicated the feasibility of using the case-crossover method to investigate nonmedical triggers of visits to general practitioners in Denmark, which suggests further applications in health services research.…”

Section: How Has the Design Been Used So Far?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Should We Use a Case-Crossover Design?

Maclure

Mittleman

2000

Annu. Rev. Public Health

638

614

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The first decade of experience with case-crossover studies has shown that the design applies best if the exposure is intermittent, the effect on risk is immediate and transient, and the outcome is abrupt. However, this design has been used to study single changes in exposure level, gradual effects on risk, and outcomes with insidious onsets. To estimate relative risk, the exposure frequency during a window just before outcome onset is compared with exposure frequencies during control times rather than in control persons. One or more control times are supplied by each of the cases themselves, to control for confounding by constant characteristics and self-confounding between the trigger's acute and chronic effects. This review of published case-crossover studies is designed to help the reader prepare a better research proposal by understanding triggers and deterrents, target person times, alternative study bases, crossover cohorts, induction times, effect and hazard periods, exposure windows, the exposure opportunity fallacy, a general likelihood formula, and control crossover analysis. INTRODUCTIONA case-crossover study (18, 26) is a scientific method to answer the question, "Was this event triggered by something unusual that happened just before?" The simple part of the question is "What happened just before?" The challenging part is to quantify "How unusual was that?" The latter question must be answered for all people in the study who experience the outcome event (disease onset, injury, or behavioral change), not just the people who had the hypothesized triggers just before.We started developing the design in 1988 to avoid control selection bias in the Myocardial Infarction (MI) Onset Study (29). The original study aim was to use a case-control approach to investigate why the incidence of MI peaks in the morning. Who should be the controls? We were concerned that noncases drawn from the general population would be a biased sample not only because of healthyvolunteer bias, but also healthy-day bias. These subjects would be more likely to decline to be interviewed on stressful days. We also ruled out patients hospitalized for other emergencies, because they would be biased by whatever triggered their Next we realized that we could make the opposite comparison by also asking morning cases about their afternoon exposures on the previous day. Finally, it dawned on us that we could compare each patient's experience on their MI day with their experience on the day before. This would give us a perfectly matching control for each patient-the same patient at the same time on the day before.Eventually we saw how we could have multiple control days for each patient by asking about exposure frequency during the entire week, month, or year before. When we applied epidemiologic theory to this approach, we realized it was like a nonexperimental crossover experiment observed retrospectively. We are often asked whether a case-crossover design would be appropriate to study a given hypothesis. This review is intended to...

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“…When controlling for potential confounders using multivariable analyses, some studies showed that older horses seemed to be at greater risk in sustaining a catastrophic fractures in racing (Bailey, Reid et al 1998, Carrier, Estberg et al 1998, Estberg, Stover et al 1998b or that there was no relationship between fracture and age (Estberg, Gardner et al 1998a, Cohen, Dresser et al 1999a, Verheyen and Wood 2004.…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture incidence rates and the association of rest with bone remodelling in Thoroughbred racehorses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club

Sun¹

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Fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses are an omnipresent welfare issue. Previous studies have often failed to adequately address the issue of fractures in racing and training because of the limitations associated with record keeping. Racehorses being rested from intensive exercise are also at greater risk of fracture on re-introduction to high intensity work. This thesis aims to accurately report first event fractures and determine racing and training fracture incidence rates in the highly controlled Thoroughbred racehorse population at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) and to identify differences in bone remodelling (as defined in this thesis) between racehorses, which have been rested compared to horses in current high intensity exercise. Hong Kong to date of fracture, retirement, or end of the study period, whichever was first. Incidence rates for racing were expressed as catastrophic or non-catastrophic fracture events per 1000 race starts (Chapter Three). Training incidence rates were expressed as catastrophic or non-catastrophic fracture events per 10,000 horse days at risk (Chapter Four). The incidence rate for catastrophic fractures during racing was 0.6 per 1000 race starts (95% CI 0.4 -0.8) and for non-catastrophic fractures it was 2.2 per 1000 race starts (95% CI 1.8 -2.6). The incidence rate for catastrophic fractures in training was 0.08 per 10,000 horse days at risk (95% CI 0.05 -0.11), and for non-catastrophic fractures was 0.85 per 10,000 horse days at risk (95% CI 0.75 -0.96). The incidence rate of catastrophic racing fractures at the HKJC were lower when compared to the results of studies conducted in the UnitedStates (Estberg, Stover et al. 1996b) and higher than in the United Kingdom (Parkin, Clegg et al. In another study, bones were obtained post-mortem from horses in Exercised (n = 6) and Rested (n = 6) Groups who died for reasons unrelated to fracture or the fracture study. Exercised horses had been euthanized within seven days of high intensity exercise while Rested horses had been retired for one to four months and whose work level was much reduced before retirement. Six bone blocks were cut from each horse at the following locations; right third metacarpal bone (MCIII) where samples were collected from the mid-diaphysis, distal lateral metaphysis and medial condyle; right third metatarsal bone (MTIII) where a sample was collected from the lateral condyle; distal left tibia, and middiaphysis of the left tenth rib. Each bone block was cut to 250 µm thick specimens using a diamond 3 annular saw. Microradiographs were obtained using point projection digital microradiography (Faxitron) and analysed to identify radiolucent spaces indicative of recently formed resorption canals as a proxy for active bone remodelling. This study identified that resorption canals of all sections from MCIII and the tibia were significantly greater in the Rested Group compared with the Exercised Group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the resorption canal density of the rib between the two g...

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A case-crossover study of intensive racing and training schedules and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury and lay-up in California Thoroughbred racehorses

Cited by 69 publications

References 26 publications

Determination of factors affecting the length of racing career of Arabian horses in Turkey

Determination of factors affecting the length of racing career of Arabian horses in Turkey

Should We Use a Case-Crossover Design?

Fracture incidence rates and the association of rest with bone remodelling in Thoroughbred racehorses at the Hong Kong Jockey Club

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