A case‐control study of transmission routes for GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection

Björkman, Per; Nauclér, Anders; Winqvist, Niclas; Mushahwar, Isa K.; Widell, Anders

doi:10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00098.x

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This is in agreement with previous studies of blood donors where 1-4% were GBV-CRNA positive and 10-15% were anti-E2 positives [Ross et al, 1998;Cantaloube et al, 1999;Love et al, 1999;Giulivi et al, 2000;Bjorkman et al, 2001]. The increasing prevalence of GBV-CRNA until the age of 40 years and thereafter the decreasing prevalence of GBV-CRNA with age has also been found in most studies [Lampe et al, 1998;Cantaloube et al, 1999;Feucht et al, 1999].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…To our knowledge, this has not been reported before, but among Swedish blood donors GBV-C was associated with stay in prison (and more than 20 lifetime sexual partners) [Bjorkman et al, 2001]. Whether our findings reflect a specific risk for GBV-C in prison or that prisoners have an overall higher risk for sexually transmitted diseases remains to be shown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

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GB Virus C epidemiology in denmark: Different routes of transmission in children and low‐ and high‐risk adults

Christensen

Fisker

Mygind

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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With the demonstration of an effect of GBV-C infection on the outcome of HIV infection, it has become important to understand the epidemiology of GBV-C. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence in high- and low-risk populations. The following populations were tested: school children, 9 and 15 years of age (n = 901), blood donors (n = 5,203), hospital employees (n = 1,432), and prisoners and injecting drug users (n = 447). In-house RT-PCR for GBV-CRNA was used together with a commercial ELISA for anti-E2 (Boehringer, Germany). In addition, questionnaires for risk factors for transmission and serological tests for HIV and hepatitis were applied. The overall prevalence of GBV-CRNA was 1.4% among children, 2.2% among blood donors, 2.2% among hospital employees, 12.5% among non-injecting prisoners, and 34.9% among drug injectors. Correspondingly anti-E2 was found in 0.3%, 12.3%, 25.0%, and 42.7%. Among hospital employees, independent risk factors for GBV-C were professions with blood exposure and sexual risk partners. Among prisoners and drug users, injecting and a sexual risk index were associated independently with GBV-C. Based on these results, the following hypothesis is suggested: GBV-C is transmitted frequently at birth or early childhood and this leads to chronic infection in most cases. Sexual transmission is the most important route of transmission in the adult population but this infection is usually transient. Blood borne transmission plays a role among health care workers and injecting drug users and GBV-C should be further evaluated as a surrogate marker for professional blood exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

GB Virus C epidemiology in denmark: Different routes of transmission in children and low‐ and high‐risk adults

Christensen

Fisker

Mygind

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…HPgV infects a large proportion (43) of adults, ranging from 1 to 5% of blood donors in developed countries and up to 20% of donors in developing countries (27). HPgV is thought to be transmitted sexually and by blood-blood contact (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50). Persistent HPgV infections have not been shown to be pathogenic and may reduce mortality in HIV-coinfected subjects (43,51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Virus Extinctions following a Host Population Bottleneck

Kapusinszky

Mulvaney

Jasinska

et al. 2015

J Virol

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A small number of African green monkeys (AGMs) were introduced into the Caribbean from West Africa in the 1600s. To determine the impact of this population bottleneck on the AGM virome, we used metagenomics to compare the viral nucleic acids in the plasma of 43 wild AGMs from West Africa (Gambia) to those in 44 AGMs from the Caribbean (St. Kitts and Nevis). Three viruses were detected in the blood of Gambian primates: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm; in 42% of animals), a novel simian pegivirus (SPgVagm; in 7% of animals), and numerous novel simian anelloviruses (in 100% of animals). Only anelloviruses were detected in the Caribbean AGMs with a prevalence and levels of viral genetic diversity similar to those in the Gambian animals. A host population bottleneck therefore resulted in the exclusion of adult-acquired SIV and pegivirus from the Caribbean AGMs. The successful importation of AGM anelloviruses into the Caribbean may be the result of their early transmission to infants, very high prevalence in African AGMs, and frequent coinfections with as many as 11 distinct variants. IMPORTANCEThe extent to which viruses can persist in small isolated populations depends on multiple host, viral, and environmental factors. The absence of prior infections may put an immunologically naive population at risk for disease outbreaks. Isolated populations originating from a small number of founder individuals are therefore considered at increased risk following contact with populations with a greater variety of viruses. Here, we compared the plasma virome of West African green monkeys to that in their descendants after importation of a small number of animals to the Caribbean. A lentivirus and a pegivirus were found in the West African population but not in the Caribbean population. Highly diverse anelloviruses were found in both populations. A small founder population, limited to infants and young juvenile monkeys, may have eliminated the sexually transmitted viruses from the Caribbean AGMs, while anelloviruses, acquired at an earlier age, persisted through the host population bottleneck.

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“…There is extensive evidence that GBV-C is transmitted by sexual and percutaneous routes in much the same way as HIV and is frequently found in populations at risk for bloodborne or sexually transmitted viruses Bjorkman et al, 2001;Lefrere et al, 1999a;Scallan et al, 1998;Sawayama et al, 1999). Male to male sex has been proposed to be a more effective mode of transmission of GBV-C (Berzsenyi et al, 2005).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GB virus C: Insights into co-infection

Berzsenyi

Bowden

Roberts

2005

Journal of Clinical Virology

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A case‐control study of transmission routes for GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection

Abstract: In blood donors with GBV-C/HGV markers, sexual contacts and medical procedures appear to be the main transmission routes.

Cited by 27 publications

References 34 publications

GB Virus C epidemiology in denmark: Different routes of transmission in children and low‐ and high‐risk adults

GB Virus C epidemiology in denmark: Different routes of transmission in children and low‐ and high‐risk adults

Local Virus Extinctions following a Host Population Bottleneck

GB virus C: Insights into co-infection

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