A case-control study of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in Australian prostate carcinoma subjects

Beilin, Jonathan; Harewood, Laurence; Frydenberg, Mark; Mameghan, Hedy; Martyres, Raymond; Farish, Stephen J.; Chen, Yue; Deam, David; Byron, Keith; Zajac, Jeffrey D

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010815)92:4<941::aid-cncr1404>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 58 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…However, in our study we found no significant association between short repeats and age of onset or cancer grades as reported earlier (Lange et al 2000;Hsing et al 2000;Beilin et al 2001;Mishra et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…However, our study, and studies on North Indian (Mishra et al 2005) and Chinese (Hsing et al 2000) men suggest that even Asians, who are considered a low-risk group, have significant association between CAG repeat length variation and PCa risk. On the other hand, studies on European men, including British (Edwards et al 1999), Swedish (Bratt et al 1999), German (Correa-Cerro et al 1999, and French (Latil et al 2001), and on Australians (Beilin et al 2001), found no association between CAG polymorphism and PCa risk. Geneenvironment interactions may partially explain the different results obtained in each studied population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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South Indian men with reduced CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of prostate cancer

et al. 2006

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The androgen receptor (AR) gene possesses polymorphic CAG tandem repeats and the repeat length has been inversely related to the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). The distinct ethnic variation in the CAG repeat length may be correlated to differences in PCa risk in different populations. To evaluate the CAG repeat length in the AR gene and the implications for PCa, we screened 87 PCa patients and 120 control subjects from South India. The mean CAG repeat length in PCa patients was significantly smaller than that of controls (17.0 vs 20.7; P<0.001). Men with £ 19 CAG repeats had a significantly increased risk of cancer compared to those with >19 CAG repeats (age-adjusted OR=7.01; 95% CI=3.52-13.94; P<0.001). However, no significant association was observed between CAG repeats and age of onset or prostate-specific antigen levels. Although there was a trend towards shorter CAG repeat length in high grades of cancer, it was not significant (P=0.085). Thus, our results suggest an association between short CAG repeats in the AR gene and PCa risk in South Indian men. Further, we propose that CAG repeats could be used as a prognostic marker for PCa diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

South Indian men with reduced CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of prostate cancer

et al. 2006

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“…6, 7). Several (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) but not all (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) epidemiologic studies found that shorter androgen receptor gene CAG repeats are associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. Of these studies, two were prospective designs, one conducted largely in the pre-PSA era (11) and one that straddled the PSA era (22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Steroid Hormones and the Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen Era

Platz

Leitzmann

Rifai

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

214

170

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Objective: Sex steroid hormones are thought to contribute to the growth, differentiation, and progression of prostate cancer. We investigated plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and length of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat in relation to incident prostate cancer diagnosed in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. Methods: Using a nested case-control design, we included 460 prostate cancer cases diagnosed after providing a blood specimen in 1993 but before February 1998 among men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Controls were 460 age-matched men without prostate cancer who had a screening PSA test after the date of providing a blood specimen. We measured plasma concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and determined the length of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prostate cancer. Results: Mean concentrations of the sex steroids adjusted for SHBG, and mean CAG repeat length did not differ significantly between the prostate cancer cases and controls. No significant associations with total prostate cancer were detected for plasma total testosterone concentration (comparing highest versus lowest quartiles: OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.48-1.28; P trend = 0.73) or the other sex hormones after adjusting for SHBG. However, plasma total testosterone concentration was positively associated with low-grade disease (Gleason sum < 7: OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.89-4.07; P trend = 0.02) and inversely associated with high-grade disease (Gleason sum z 7: OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10-0.66; P trend = 0.01). Similar patterns for grade were observed for free testosterone. Short CAG repeat length was not associated with total prostate cancer (V 19 versus z 24: OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.57-1.23; P trend = 0.22) or grade of disease. No clear associations with regionally invasive or metastatic (z T3b, N1, or M1) were found for any of the hormones or the CAG repeat, although the number of these cases was small. Conclusions: The overall lack of association of prostate cancer diagnosed in the PSA era with sex steroid hormones and the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat length is consistent with the hypothesis that these factors do not substantially contribute to the development of early prostate cancer in the PSA era. The influence of plasma total and free testosterone concentrations on prostate cancer grade merits further evaluation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(5):1262 -9)

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“…12 Finally, the data related to prostate cancer is conflictive, although different reports have suggested that a shorter CAG repeat is predictive of a higher grade, lymph node-positive disease and an advanced stage. 9,29,[36][37][38][39][40] There are, as yet, no reports on the role of the GGN polymorphism in the progression of both breast and ovarian cancer. In prostate cancer, no relationship was found between the GGN repeat and lymph node involvement, 36 grade or stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alleles with short CAG and GGN repeats in the androgen receptor gene are associated with benign endometrial cancer

et al. 2005

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A case-control study of the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in Australian prostate carcinoma subjects

Cited by 58 publications

References 43 publications

South Indian men with reduced CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of prostate cancer

South Indian men with reduced CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of prostate cancer

Sex Steroid Hormones and the Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-Specific Antigen Era

Alleles with short CAG and GGN repeats in the androgen receptor gene are associated with benign endometrial cancer

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