A Case-Control Study of the Epidemiology of Sporadic<i>Salmonella</i>Infection in Infants

Jones, Timothy F.; Ingram, L. Amanda; Fullerton, Kathleen E.; Marcus, Ruthanne; Anderson, Bridget J.; McCarthy, Patrick V.; Vugia, Duc J.; Shiferaw, Beletshachew; Haubert, Nicole; Wedel, Stephanie; Angulo, Frederick J.

doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1218

Cited by 103 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Previous epidemiological studies identified riding in shopping carts near meat or poultry products as an associated risk factor in infant Salmonellosis and Campylobacteriosis. 40,41 Contamination of shopping carts and baskets handles could be ascribed to their frequent use by shoppers.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Frequently Used Fomites in Kuwait

Al‐Harbi

Anderson

Elmi

2017

BIJ

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The occurrence of potential pathogens and the levels of contamination at individual sites, particularly in fitness club, gas station, home, hospital, and supermarket in Kuwait is described in this paper. The samples were collected using sterile swab sticks. Results obtained showed the highest bacterial count of 2.8 log10 CFU/ml in bathroom doorknobs at gas station, while the least was obtained from pantry in hospital with 1.3 log10 CFU/ml. Prevalent isolated bacterial contaminants were Staphylococcus epidermidis (34%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (26%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%), Escherichia coli (10%), Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (4%), Streptococcus agalactiae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%). Eighty percent of all swab samples cultured were gram positive and 20% were gram negative bacteria. The types and numbers of diseasecausing microbes reported in previous epidemiological studies were also found in this study. Appropriate hygienic measures to suppress any potential microbial crosscontamination are therefore needed. It is also imperative to conduct regular testing to check for bacterial contamination and increase community awareness and education for hygienic standards.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Frequently Used Fomites in Kuwait

Al‐Harbi

Anderson

Elmi

2017

BIJ

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“…Because international travel can itself be an important risk factor for enteric disease, the risk associated with travel can be examined by including patients reporting international travel before illness (EberhartPhillips et al, 1997;Kassenborg et al, 2004b;Stafford et al, 2006). Specific age groups were studied in 11 studies (14%); four studies focused on infants (Tenkate and Stafford, 2002;Rowe et al, 2004;Jones et al, 2006b;Fullerton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Case Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over half of the studies reported the number of eligible case-patients excluded (54%), while less than 15% of studies reported the number of potential controls excluded. Flow diagrams were used to illustrate the study population in some of the studies (Varma et al, , 2007Jones et al, 2006b;Voetsch et al, 2007;Denno 2009), and their value has been recognized in the reporting of randomized controlled trials (Egger et al, 2001). …”

Section: Case Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Casecontrol studies can identify novel risk factors for enteric disease; follow-up research can confirm, refute, or further explore these exposures, as their association with illness may not be causal. Some recently identified novel risk factors, for some of which further research has been conducted, include contact with sandboxes, associated with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infections in the Netherlands (Doorduyn et al, 2005), consuming hummus or melons prepared in commercial establishments, associated with Listeria infections in the United States , and, for infants, riding in shopping carts next to meat or poultry, associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter infections in the United States (Jones et al, 2006b;Fullerton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Insights Gained From 20 Years Of Investigations Of Sporadic mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case-Control Studies of Sporadic Enteric Infections: A Review and Discussion of Studies Conducted Internationally from 1990 to 2009

Fullerton

Scallan²,

Kirk³

et al. 2012

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Epidemiologists have used case-control studies to investigate enteric disease outbreaks for many decades. Increasingly, case-control studies are also used to investigate risk factors for sporadic (not outbreak-associated) disease. While the same basic approach is used, there are important differences between outbreak and sporadic disease settings that need to be considered in the design and implementation of the case-control study for sporadic disease. Through the International Collaboration on Enteric Disease "Burden of Illness" Studies (the International Collaboration), we reviewed 79 case-control studies of sporadic enteric infections caused by nine pathogens that were conducted in 22 countries and published from 1990 through to 2009. We highlight important methodological and study design issues (including case definition, control selection, and exposure assessment) and discuss how approaches to the study of sporadic enteric disease have changed over the last 20 years (e.g., making use of more sensitive case definitions, databases of controls, and computer-assisted interviewing). As our understanding of sporadic enteric infections grows, methods and topics for case-control studies are expected to continue to evolve; for example, advances in understanding of the role of immunity can be used to improve

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“…In particular children are at a higher risk from this transmission route, given their behaviors (close proximity with pets, petting zoos, more likely to put hands in their mouth, etc.) and developing immune systems [16,[20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

et al. 2017

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SUMMARYEnteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000-166 000) illnesses, 488 (186-890) hospitalizations and 12 (2-28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000-71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000-32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.

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A Case-Control Study of the Epidemiology of SporadicSalmonellaInfection in Infants

Abstract: We identified a number of modifiable protective and risk factors for salmonellosis in infants. Attention should be directed at developing effective preventive measures for this high-risk population.

Cited by 103 publications

References 27 publications

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Frequently Used Fomites in Kuwait

Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Frequently Used Fomites in Kuwait

Case-Control Studies of Sporadic Enteric Infections: A Review and Discussion of Studies Conducted Internationally from 1990 to 2009

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

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