A Case-Control Study of Smoking and Alzheimer's Disease

Salib, Emad; Hillier, V.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199703)12:3<295::aid-gps476>3.0.co;2-3

Cited by 30 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…[36] One other publication was excluded[37] because results from the same study were published in two papers, and we included the more completely reported results. [38] For multiple publications from the same sample with the same smoking measures, we used the publication with the longest follow-up; in particular, for the Rotterdam Study, the latest 2007 report[39] was chosen over the 1998 report[40] and for the Canadian Study of Health and Aging the 2002 report[41] was chosen over the three previous reports. [42–44] When the studies were stratified by race,[45, 46] results for the separate populations were included as separate studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation

Cataldo

Prochaska

Glantz

2010

JAD

271

198

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To examine the relationship between smoking and Alzheimer's disease (AD) after controlling for study design, quality, secular trend, and tobacco industry affiliation of the authors, electronic databases were searched; 43 individual studies met the inclusion criteria. For evidence of tobacco industry affiliation, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu was searched. One fourth (11/43) of individual studies had tobacco-affiliated authors. Using random effects meta-analysis, 18 case control studies without tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled odds ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.75-1.10), while 8 case control studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a significant pooled odds ratio of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75-0.98) suggesting that smoking protects against AD. In contrast, 14 cohort studies without tobacco-industry affiliation yielded a significantly increased relative risk of AD of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.16-1.80) associated with smoking and the three cohort studies with tobacco industry affiliation yielded a non-significant pooled relative risk of 0.60 (95% CI 0.27-1.32). A multiple regression analysis showed that case-control studies tended to yield lower average risk estimates than cohort studies (by -0.27 +/- 0.15, P=0.075), lower risk estimates for studies done by authors affiliated with the tobacco industry (by -0.37 +/- 0.13, P=0.008), no effect of the quality of the journal in which the study was published (measured by impact factor, P=0.828), and increasing secular trend in risk estimates (0.031/year +/- 0.013, P=0.02). The average risk of AD for cohort studies without tobacco industry affiliation of average quality published in 2007 was estimated to be 1.72 +/- 0.19 (P< 0.0005). The available data indicate that smoking is a significant risk factor for AD.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation

Cataldo

Prochaska

Glantz

2010

JAD

271

198

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“…Interestingly, however, there was a significant negative association between smokers and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in AD. 167,168 In recent years, studies have shown that nicotine improves cognitive function, 169,170 and after giving AD patients nicotine, they increased their attention and information processing abilities. 171,172 A study from Nordberg et al, using Tg (Hu.…”

Section: Natural Antioxidants With Anti-ad Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Antioxidants: An Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease at the Early Stage

Wang,

Huang,

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The critical role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recognized by researchers recently, and natural antioxidants have been demonstrated to have anti-AD activity in animal models, such as Ginkgo biloba extract, soy isoflavones, lycopene, and so on. This paper summarized these natural antioxidants and points out that natural antioxidants always have multiple advantages which are help to deal with AD, such as clearing free radicals, regulating signal transduction, protecting mitochondrial function, and synaptic plasticity. Based on the available data, we have created a relatively complete pathway map of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AD-related targets and concluded that oxidative stress caused by ROS is the core of AD pathogenesis. In the prospect, we introduced the concept of a combined therapeutic strategy, termed “Antioxidant-Promoting Synaptic Remodeling,” highlighting the integration of antioxidant interventions with synaptic remodeling approaches as a novel avenue for therapeutic exploration.

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“…Salib and Hillier (1997) report results of a case-control study on Alzheimer's disease and smoking behavior of 198 female and male Alzheimer patients and 340 controls. The data shown in Table 1 have been re-constructed from Table 4 in Salib and Hillier (1997) and are depicted in Figure 2. The authors conclude that 'cigarette smoking is less frequent in men with Alzheimer's disease.…”

Section: Playing Legomentioning

confidence: 99%

A Lego System for Conditional Inference

Hothorn

Hornik

Wiel

et al. 2006

The American Statistician

757

551

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Conditioning on the observed data is an important and flexible design principle for statistical test procedures. Although generally applicable, permutation tests currently in use are limited to the treatment of special cases, such as contingency tables or K-sample problems. A new theoretical framework for permutation tests opens up the way to a unified and generalized view. We argue that the transfer of such a theory to practical data analysis has important implications in many applications and requires tools that enable the data analyst to compute on the theoretical concepts as closely as possible. We re-analyze four data sets by adapting the general conceptual framework to these challenging inference problems and utilizing the coin add-on package in the R system for statistical computing to show what one can gain from going beyond the 'classical' test procedures.

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A Case-Control Study of Smoking and Alzheimer's Disease

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation

Cigarette Smoking is a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An Analysis Controlling for Tobacco Industry Affiliation

Natural Antioxidants: An Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease at the Early Stage

A Lego System for Conditional Inference

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