A cargo of lead ingots from a shipwreck off Ashkelon, Israel 11th–13th centuries AD

Galili, Ehud; Rosen, Baruch; Arenson, Sarah; Nir-El, Y.; Jacoby, David

doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12365

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Depending on the dating of this particular object, a source in the Cevennes, Mont Lozère, may be possible (compare Baron, et al, 2006), but this object is on the periphery of the isotope field. Beginning in the 11 th century, lead and silver ore were mined in large quantities and lead was exported to distant Mediterranean markets (see Galili, et al, 2019) and possibly beyond. This type of lead, however, is not found at Schleswig, in Northern Europe, at the same time, so it appears that this lead was not widely traded in the northern maritime network.…”

Section: The Flow Of Pewtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Isotopic Characteristics and Metal Sources for the Jewelry in the Medieval Rural Settlements from the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’)

Chugaev,

Merkel,

Zaytseva

2021

METALLA

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The article considers the results of the study of lead isotope composition of 38 non-ferrous artifacts discovered at medieval rural sites of the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’). The copper-alloy, silver and pewter artifacts were compared with reference data from geographically and temporally diverse medieval artifacts and ore deposits and revealed differing source regions and supply networks within and between metal types. The identification in some cases was difficult due to the conformity of the lead isotopic composition of deposits of some regions. The copper-alloys, represented mostly by crosses made of high-tin bronze, show close isotopic parallels to contemporary copper alloys from Southern Scandinavia, Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Since the copper alloys contain significant quantities of lead, this lead may have entered the metal by alloying with lead-tin alloys, by smelting mixed copper-lead ore, or through haphazard alloying with lead. The lead isotope ratios for nearly all copper alloys are consistent with deposits in Cornwall and Devon and remobilized ore from the Rhenish Massif. For silver and lead-tin alloy objects, lead isotope analyses point to wide ranging sources. Most silver objects are consistent with mid-to-late 10th century silver stocks circulating in the Baltic area and 10th century Volga-Bulgar silver dirham imitations probably representing mixtures of 9th-10th century Islamic silver. The silver shows a heavy reliance on 10th century mixed stocks and there are little indications of Central and Western European silver, which was common in the 11th century Baltic region. The pewter and lead, however, indicate other sources. Lead isotope ratios are consistent with sources connected to Mediterranean and Baltic networks, some being consistent with sources in England, but it is possible that the lead found in some pewter objects could come from the Olkusz lead district in southern Poland.

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Section: The Flow Of Pewtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Isotopic Characteristics and Metal Sources for the Jewelry in the Medieval Rural Settlements from the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’)

Chugaev,

Merkel,

Zaytseva

2021

METALLA

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“…Underwater surveys off Tel Ashkelon have yielded numerous archaeological remains, including shipwreck remains and cargoes at a water depth of 3-4 m, architectonic elements (building stones, granite columns, marble statues, etc. ), and sections of the Crusader seawall found in shallow water adjacent to the shoreline at a water depth of 0-1.5 m. These are the remains of sections of the city wall and structures from the Tel suffering erosion by the sea [25][26][27].…”

Section: Tel Ashkelon: Historical and Archaeological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beach Nourishment Alternatives for Mitigating Erosion of Ancient Coastal Sites on the Mediterranean Coast of Israel

Bitan

Galili

Spanier

et al. 2020

JMSE

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Since 2011, beach nourishment has become the preferred solution for mitigating coastal erosion along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, as it is considered “soft” and environmentally friendly. However, using fine sand for nourishment in Israel without supporting measures is problematic due to the high wave energy and strong longshore currents in the littoral zone that tend to drift the sand away. This would require ongoing, multiyear, costly, and never-ending maintenance. In the present study, we analyzed sand and pebble alternatives for nourishment of the eroded beach in front of Tel Ashkelon, an important coastal archaeological site in southern Israel that suffers from severe erosion. Based on Pranzini et al. (2018), we analyzed the alternatives, evaluated their cost and efficiency, and assessed their potential environmental impacts. The study concluded that for protecting the southern part of Tel Ashkelon beach, pebble nourishment is the optimal solution, mainly regarding durability and cost. Using this material for nourishment will better absorb the storm wave impact and protect the foot of the archaeological Tel from erosion, and require lower maintenance cost than using finer sand nourishment.

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Incised Late Bronze Age lead ingots from the southern anchorage of Caesarea

Yahalom-Mack

Finn

Erel

et al. 2022

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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A cargo of lead ingots from a shipwreck off Ashkelon, Israel 11th–13th centuries AD

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Lead Isotopic Characteristics and Metal Sources for the Jewelry in the Medieval Rural Settlements from the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’)

Lead Isotopic Characteristics and Metal Sources for the Jewelry in the Medieval Rural Settlements from the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’)

Beach Nourishment Alternatives for Mitigating Erosion of Ancient Coastal Sites on the Mediterranean Coast of Israel

Incised Late Bronze Age lead ingots from the southern anchorage of Caesarea

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