“…The demands are mostly unstable random processes due to ever-shortening product lifecycles and the constant emergence and updating of new products in real life (Shankar, 2015). A few researchers have made instructive attempts in this direction to extend the inventory model to a stochastic market demand under low carbon constraints (such as García-Alvarado, Paquet, Chaabane, & Amodeo, 2017; Ghosh, Jha, & Sarmah, 2017;Gui, Shen, Hu, & Liu, 2015;Liao & Deng, 2018;Ma, Chen, Luo, & Li, 2015;Mukhopadhyay & Goswami, 2014;Purohit, Shankar, Dey, & Choudhary, 2016;Qu, Li, & Liu, 2015;Song & Leng, 2012). The stochastic inventory models were established under low carbon constraints to solve the EOQ or economic production quality (EPQ) problems for the manufacturing and retailing industries.…”