“…Although there has been a marked increase in mobile phone and device ownership across Africa as well as increased coverage by mobile networks, faster speeds, and lower comparative costs, the literature reveals that resourcing barriers remain a significant issue for higher education students and staff both onand off-campus. Limited bandwidth, weak local networks, and even electricity outages prevent students and staff in poorer countries from accessing mobile learning consistently even on campus (Ghasia et al, 2018;Gupta, Marsden, Oluka, Sharma, & Lucas, 2017;Lwoga, 2012;Mugo, Ruto, Nakabugo, & Mgalla, 2015;Oyelere, Paliktzoglou, & Suhonen, 2016;Sanga, Magesa, Chingonikaya, & Kayunze, 2013;Tarus, Gichoya, & Muumbo, 2015;Zozie & Chawinga, 2018). This situation is far worse for students in rural and remote areas with extremely patchy connectivity, limited bandwidth, and poor electricity supply for recharging devices.…”