“…Recent studies have suggested that, in addition to various external constraints, internal or psychological characteristics might underlie smallholders’ agricultural production levels (Abay et al, 2017; Ali et al, 2020; Bernheim et al, 2015; Bukchin, 2020; Bukchin and Kerret, 2018, 2020; Duflo et al, 2011; Haushofer and Fehr, 2014; Ma et al, 2022a; Qian et al, 2020; Wuepper et al, 2016, 2020; von Diest et al, 2020).…”