A Calix[4]arene-tren mdified electrode for determination of Lead ions in aqueous solution

Abstract

In this study, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Calix[4]arene-tren (Calix-tren) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was developed for the determination of Pb (II) ions. Electrochemical behavior of Calix-tren modified electrodes were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that Calix-tren modified GC electrode provides good electron transmission pathway than bare GC electrode. The amount of Pb (II) was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric analysis as a sensitive detection technique. The experimental parameters such as pH, deposition time and deposition potential were optimized. The optimum pH value was selected as 7.0. The effect of deposition potential and deposition time on the peak current was tested and the optimum values were chosen as -1.2 V and 120 s, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the working range of the developed sensor was determined as 0.48-2.31 µM, limit of detection (LOD) was 0.11 µM and the RSD obtained in the reproducibility study was 2.78 %. It was also found that the developed method could be used in the determination of Pb (II) ions in real samples with satisfactory results.

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…In addition to the above-mentioned main groups of materials and/or compounds, in the last five years, the research community has also reported on the inclusion of calixarene-based compounds, 117,118,281,[305][306][307][308][309] ionic liquids (ILs), 55,155,168,258 and Schiff bases 156,310,311 as electrode modifiers for trace heavy metal analysis. Table S5 in the ESI † summarizes the main findings of the research studies published in the last five years reporting on the use of other organic compounds as modifiers for various types of electrodes employed in the determination of trace heavy metals.…”

“…However, their use in combination with NPs (i.e., Au-and Mn 3 O 4 -NPs), 117,118 as well as with a MOF 281 was also reported. Calix [4]arene-functionalized compounds were mostly used to modify GCEs (in addition to the SPCE and Au electrode) employed in the individual or simultaneous determination of Hg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Cu 2+ in different real water samples (including wastewater, river, drinking, and deionized water) 117,118,[305][306][307]309 and commercial oysters, clams, and mussel samples. 308 Imidazolium- 155,168 and pyridinium-based 55,258 ILs are also among the organic compounds used to modify the electrodes.…”

Label free electrochemical sensors for Pb(II) detection based on hemicellulose extracted from Opuntia Ficus Indica cactus

“…While DNA-zyme based biosensors are also capable of specific detection of some metal ions due to their catalytic reaction and cleavage of DNA [18,19]. However, organic ionophores are the subject of several studies, and calix [4]arene derivatives are some of the researched selective ionophore for lead [20][21][22].…”