Abstract-This paper presents nonscan design-for-testability (DFT) techniques applicable to register-transfer (RT)-level data path circuits. Knowledge of high-level design information, in the form of the RT-level structure, as well as the functions of the RT-level components is utilized to develop effective nonscan DFT techniques. Instead of conventional techniques of selecting flip-flops (FF's) to make controllable/observable, execution units (EXU's) are selected using the EXU S-graph introduced in this paper. Controllability/observability points can be implemented using register files and constants.We introduce the notion of k k k-level controllable and observable loops and demonstrate that it suffices to make all the loops k k k-level controllable/observable, k k k> > >0, to achieve very high test efficiency.