A Brush–Spin–Coating Method for Fabricating In Vitro Patient-Specific Vascular Models by Coupling 3D-Printing

Chi, Qingzhuo; Mu, Lizhong; He, Ying; Luan, Yihui; Jing, Yuchen

doi:10.1007/s13239-020-00504-9

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Although fabrication of silicone vessel replicas has been described previously ( Chi et al, 2021 ), the standardization of inner tube roughness and silicone tube thickness in this study are noteworthy. A stair-like texture of the water-soluble skeleton is difficult to avoid due to the layer-by-layer printing technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Straight transparent silicone vascular replicas with four degrees of stenosis (0, 30, 50, and 70%) were fabricated based on our brush-spin-coating method ( Chi et al, 2021 ). An inner diameter of 5.5 mm was chosen based on the average diameter of the internal carotid artery ( Liang et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While for the 70% stenosis model, there was an evident jet flow in the narrow part (see the white circle, Figure 3A ), and turbulent disturbance appeared due to the jet flow with much high flow rate, as the white box indicated in Figure 3A . With the consideration of the low Reynolds number, the SST k – ω model can simulate the simultaneous existence of laminar, transition, and turbulent flows more accurately than other laminar or turbulent models ( Chi et al, 2021 ), the SST k -ω model was then adopted.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro Study of Endothelial Cell Morphology and Gene Expression in Response to Wall Shear Stress Induced by Arterial Stenosis

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Objectives: We examined the correlation between changes in hemodynamic characteristics induced by arterial stenosis and vascular endothelial cell (EC) morphology and gene expression in straight silicone arteries.Materials and methods: Transparent silicone straight artery models with four degrees of stenosis (0, 30, 50, and 70%) were fabricated. Particle image velocimetry was performed to screen silicone vessel structures with good symmetry and to match the numerical simulations. After the inner surface of a symmetric model was populated with ECs, it was perfusion-cultured at a steady flow rate. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted under the same perfusion conditions as in the flow experiment. The high-WSS region was then identified by CFD simulation. EC morphology in the high-WSS regions was characterized by confocal microscopy. ECs were antibody-stained to analyze the expression of inflammatory factors, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which were then correlated with the CFD simulations.Results: As the degree of vascular stenosis increases, more evident jet flow occurs, and the maximum WSS position moves away first and then back. ECs were irregularly shaped at vortex flow regions. The number of gaps between the cells in high-WSS regions increased. The MMP-9 and NF-κB expression did not differ between vessels with 30 and 0% stenosis. When arterial stenosis was 70%, the MMP-9 and NF-κB expression increased significantly, which correlated with the regions of substantially high WSS in the CFD simulations.Conclusion: Stenotic arteries induce hemodynamic stress variations, which contribute to differences in EC morphology and gene expression. A high degree of vascular stenosis can directly increase inflammatory factor expression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro Study of Endothelial Cell Morphology and Gene Expression in Response to Wall Shear Stress Induced by Arterial Stenosis

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…In vitro experiments are widely adopted to investigate physiological or pathological hemodynamics, surgical approaches, and the performance of artificial devices [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Most of the time, experimental mock loops host replicas of cardiovascular districts that reproduce both the anatomy and the function of the mimicked organs [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distensibility of Deformable Aortic Replicas Assessed by an Integrated In-Vitro and In-Silico Approach

et al. 2022

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The correct estimation of the distensibility of deformable aorta replicas is a challenging issue, in particular when its local characterization is necessary. We propose a combined in-vitro and in-silico approach to face this problem. First, we tested an aortic silicone arch in a pulse-duplicator analyzing its dynamics under physiological working conditions. The aortic flow rate and pressure were measured by a flow meter at the inlet and two probes placed along the arch, respectively. Video imaging analysis allowed us to estimate the outer diameter of the aorta in some sections in time. Second, we replicated the in-vitro experiment through a Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation. Observed and computed values of pressures and variations in aorta diameters, during the cardiac cycle, were compared. Results were considered satisfactory enough to suggest that the estimation of local distensibility from in-silico tests is reliable, thus overcoming intrinsic experimental limitations. The aortic distensibility (AD) is found to vary significantly along the phantom by ranging from 3.0 × 10−3 mmHg−1 in the ascending and descending tracts to 4.2 × 10−3 mmHg−1 in the middle of the aortic arch. Interestingly, the above values underestimate the AD obtained in preliminary tests carried out on straight cylindrical samples made with the same material of the present phantom. Hence, the current results suggest that AD should be directly evaluated on the replica rather than on the samples of the adopted material. Moreover, tests should be suitably designed to estimate the local rather than only the global distensibility.

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“… 15 , 38 , 39 3D printing has offered a low-cost option of creating custom phantoms, including patient-specific. 9 , 11 , 19 , 24 , 51 , 53 , 54 Multiple studies have created phantoms by embedding a 3D print in various materials with subsequent removal to yield the desired geometry, most often producing wall-less phantoms, consisting of a tissue-mimicking block with a void or hollow lumen, as opposed to a walled phantom that has a thin, variable material thickness. 2 , 23 , 39 , 40 , 48 , 49 , 60 These wall-less phantoms are particularly useful in ultrasound-based imaging applications; however, the mechanical properties of the materials used are often not prioritized and thus their mimicry of human tissue in this regard is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel

Laughlin

Stephens

Hestekin

et al. 2021

Cardiovasc Eng Tech

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Purpose Flow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed. Methods A 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young’s moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom. Results A wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels. Conclusion Custom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.

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A Brush–Spin–Coating Method for Fabricating In Vitro Patient-Specific Vascular Models by Coupling 3D-Printing

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

In Vitro Study of Endothelial Cell Morphology and Gene Expression in Response to Wall Shear Stress Induced by Arterial Stenosis

In Vitro Study of Endothelial Cell Morphology and Gene Expression in Response to Wall Shear Stress Induced by Arterial Stenosis

Distensibility of Deformable Aortic Replicas Assessed by an Integrated In-Vitro and In-Silico Approach

Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel

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