A brief review on the nanomaterials-based detection of CKD biomarkers

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a significant worldwide medical burden, exacerbated by the often limited efficacy of current treatments. The future prevention and management of CKD critically rely on early detection and effective intervention. Nanomaterials (NMs), such as fluorescence carbon dots (CDs), quantum dots (QDs), and metal-based NMs, emerge as unique and highly sensitive probe materials expected to play a substantial role in the precise identification of CKD biomarkers. NMs’ design makes it possible to manage properties including size, shape, charge, and targeting ligands, which enhances the biological compatibility and availability of medicines. Consequently, the rise of NMs in medicine has brought about fresh approaches to CKD diagnosis. This review explores the utility of the NMs for the rapid identification of CKD biomarkers.